The Data Support a Role for Antioxidants in Reducing Cancer Risk

Ames, 1983, Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases, Science, 221, 1256, 10.1126/science.6351251

Ames, 1989, Endogenous oxidative DNA damage, aging, and cancer, Free Rad Res Comms, 7, 121, 10.3109/10715768909087933

Halliwell, 1990, Free radicals in biology and medicine

Carney, 1991, Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-a-phenylnitrone, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 8, 3633, 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3633

Fraga, 1990, Oxidative damage to DNA during aging: 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in rat organ DNA and urine, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, 4533, 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4533

Cathcart, 1984, Thymine glycol and thymidine glycol in human and rat urine: a possible assay for oxidative DNA damage, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 81, 5633, 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5633

Richter, 1988, Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 85, 6465, 10.1073/pnas.85.17.6465

Fraga, 1991, Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 24, 1

Sinks T. N-nitroso compounds, pesticides and potential exposures in the workplace as risk factors for childhood brain cancer: a case control Ohio State University, 1985

Pryor WA. Editorial Commentary Pryor WA Free radicals and peroxides in the etiology of cancer. Oncology overview. National Cancer Institute, 1987:vii-xiii

Kinsler, 1986, Free radicals in tumor promotion, Adv Free Rad Biol Med, 2, 347, 10.1016/S8755-9668(86)80019-9

Tappet, 1973, Lipid peroxidation damage to cell components, Fed Proc, 32, 1870

Pincemail, 1987, Pentane measurement in man as an index of lipoperoxidation, J Electroanal Chem, 232, 117

Niki, 1991, Action of ascorbic acid as a scavenger of active and stable oxygen radicals, Am J Clin Nutr, 54, 1119S, 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1119s

Niki, 1991, Membrane damage due to lipid oxidation, Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 201S, 10.1093/ajcn/53.1.201S

Foote, 1970, Chemistry of singlet oxygen. X. Carotenoid quenching parallels biological protection, J Am Chem Soc, 92, 5216, 10.1021/ja00720a036

Krinsky Nl, 1989, Antioxidant functions of carotenoids, Free Rad Biol Med, 7, 617, 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90143-3

Warren, 1943, Aerobic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of ascorbic acid, Biochem J, 37, 338, 10.1042/bj0370338

Street, 1975, Ascorbic acid requirements and metabolism in relation to organochlorine pesticides, Ann NY Acad Sci, 258, 132, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29273.x

Giamalva, 1986, Kinetics of ozonation. 4. Reactions of ozone with alphatocopherol and oleate and linoleate esters in carbon tetrachloride and in aqueous micellar solvents, J Am Chem Soc, 108, 6646, 10.1021/ja00281a033

Ranieri, 1975, Reduction of carcinogens with ascorbic acid, Ann NY Acad Sci, 258, 181, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29278.x

Mirvish, 1973, Effect of sodium ascorbate on lung adenoma induction by amines plus nitrite, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 14, 102

Mirvish, 1975, Induction of mouse lung adenomas by amines or ureas plus nitrite and by N-nitroso compounds: effect of ascorbate, gallic acid, thiocyanate, and caffeine, J Natl Cancer Inst, 55, 633, 10.1093/jnci/55.3.633

Pipkin, 1969, Inhibitory effect of L-ascorbate on tumor formation in urinary bladders implanted with 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 131, 522, 10.3181/00379727-131-33916

Mergens, 1978, Environmental aspects of N-nitroso compounds, 19

Mirvish, 1986, Effects of vitamins C and E on N-nitroso compound formation, carcinogenesis, and cancer, Cancer, 58, 1842, 10.1002/1097-0142(19861015)58:8+<1842::AID-CNCR2820581410>3.0.CO;2-#

Schottenfeld, 1982, Cancer epidemiology and prevention

Liehr, 1991, Vitamin C reduces the incidence and severity of renal tumors induced by estradiol and diethylstilbestrol, Am J Clin Nutr, 54, 1256S, 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1256s

Winter, 1989, Quantification of oxidative damage to protein in estrogen-treated hamster kidney, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 30, 129

Fulwood, 1982, Vital and Health Statistics. Series 11-No. 232. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 83-1682

Risch, 1985, Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach, Am J Epidemiol, 122, 947, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114199

Morrison, 1981, Retinyl palmitate and ascorbic acid inhibit pulmonary neoplasms in mice exposed to fiberglass dust, Nutr Cancer, 3, 81, 10.1080/01635588109513706

Sanders, 1983, Action of vitamin C on pulmonary carcinogenesis from inhaled 239Pu02, Health Phys, 43, 794

Leuchtenberger, 1977, Protection of hamster lung cultures by L-cysteine or vitamin C against carcinogenic effects of fresh smoke from tobacco or marihuana cigarettes, Br J Exp Pathol, 58, 625

Reddy, 1979, Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats, Fed Proc, 38, 714

Ross, 1991, Vitamin A and cancer

Sauberlich, 1991, Vitamin C and cancer

Chow, 1991, Vitamin E and cancer

Committee on Diet and Health, National Research Council (U.S.) Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk, 1989, Food and Nutrition Board, Committee on Life Sciences

Block, 1991, Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence, Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 270S, 10.1093/ajcn/53.1.270S

Block, 1992, Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiologic evidence, Nutr Cancer, 10.1080/01635589209514201

Patterson, 1990, Fruit and vegetables in the American diet: data from the NHANES II survey, Am J Public Health, 80, 1443, 10.2105/AJPH.80.12.1443

LaChance, 1988, Dietary intake of carotenes and the carotene gap, Clin Nutr, 7, 118

Murphy, 1990, Vitamin E intakes and sources in the United States, Am J Clin Nutr, 52, 361, 10.1093/ajcn/52.2.361

Block, 1987, Vitamin C intake and dietary sources by demographic characteristics, Nutr Cancer, 10, 53, 10.1080/01635588709513940

U.S. Department of Agriculture Continuing survey of food intakes by individuals. Report 86-3. Hyattsville, MD, 1986

Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council, 1989, Recommended dietary allowances