The Continuum of Psychosis and its Implication for the Structure of the Gene
Tóm tắt
Three observations challenge Kraepelin's binary view of the functional psychoses: a bimodal distribution of the clinical features of manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia has not been demonstrated; affective illness appears to predispose to schizophrenia in later generations; and “schizoaffective’ illnesses cannot be separated in family studies from either of the prototypical psychoses. The alternative concept is that psychosis is a continuum extending from unipolar, through bipolar affective illness and schizoaffective psychosis, to typical schizophrenia, with increasing degrees of defect. According to this concept the genes predisposing to psychosis have a degree of stability that ensures that the form of the psychosis tends to remain the same within families, but there is also the possibility of change, implying that the genetic mechanisms themselves are variable. It is proposed that quantal changes in the “virogene’ are due to replications within the genome (e.g. the generation of tandem repeats of the element or a component of it); that such replications occur at a critical stage (e.g. gametogenesis, fertilisation, very early embryogenesis) in the course of reproduction; and that the “season of birth effect’ reflects the operation of the mechanism responsible for these replications.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Penrose, 1968, Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry
Menninger, 1958, The unitary concept of mental illness, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 22, 4
Slater, 1953, Psychotic and Neurotic Illness in Twins
Annett, 1978, A Single Gene Explanation of Right and Left Handedness and Brainedness
Hickey, 1982, Selfish DNA: a sexually-transmitted nuclear parasite, Genetics, 101, 519, 10.1093/genetics/101.3-4.519
Gershon, 1980, Mania. An Evolving Concept
Griesinger, 1861, Die Pathologie und Therapie der Psychischen Krankheiten
Karlsson, 1978, Inheritance of Creative Intelligence
Myerson, 1925, The Inheritance of Mental Diseases
Tsuang, 1977, A family history study of schizo-affective disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 12, 331
Cammer, 1970, Schizophrenic children of manic-depressive parents, Diseases of the Nervous System, 31, 177
Flor-Henry, 1983, Cerebral Basis of Psychopathology
1980, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Crow, 1986, Proceedings of the IVth World Congress of Biological Psychiatry
Davis, 1976, Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry: II. Affective disorders, American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1, 10.1176/ajp.133.1.1
Dalen, 1975, Season of Birth: A Study of Schizophrenia and Other Mental Disorders
Sheldrick, 1975, M Phil, thesis
Annett, 1985, Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory
Davis, 1975, Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry. I. Schizophrenia, American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 1237, 10.1176/ajp.132.12.1237
Delva, 1986, Contemporary Issues in Schizophrenia
Ødegaard, 1972, Genetic Factors in ““Schizophrenia” “
Stevens, 1969, Marriage and Fertility of Women Suffering from Schizophrenia or Affective Disorders
Elsasser, 1952, Die Nachkommen Geisteskranker Eltempaare
Guislain, 1833, Traité des Phrenopathies
Magnan, 1893, Leçons Clinique sur les Maladies Mentales
Kraepelin, 1899, Psychiatrie
Jamison, 1986, Manic-Depressive Illness
Slater, 1936, Inheritance of manic-depressive insanity, The Lancet, 429
Reich, 1982, Handbook of Psychiatry, 3. Psychoses of Uncertain Aetiology
Beck, 1972, Depression: Causes and Treatment
Rosenthal, 1970, Genetic Theory and Abnormal Behaviour, 207
Kendell, 1970, The clinical distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia, British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 261, 10.1192/S0007125000193225
Neumann, 1859, Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie
Schneider, 1957, Primare and sekundare Symptome bei der Schizophrenie, Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 25, 487
Morel, 1860, Traité des Maladies Mentales
Llopis, 1954, La psicosis unica, Archivos de Neurobiologia, 17, 1
Karlsson J. (1974) Inheritance of Schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. 247.