The Assessment and Treatment of Toileting Difficulties in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities

Ando, H., Yoshimura, I., & Wakabayashi, S. (1980). Effects of age on adaptive behavior levels and academic skill levels in autistic and mentally retarded children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10(2), 173–184.

Ardiç, A., & Cavkaytar, A. (2014). Effectiveness of the modified intensive toilet training method on teaching toilet skills to children with autism. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 49(2), 263.

Axelrod, M. I., Tornehl, M., & Fontanini-Axelrod, A. (2016). Co-occurring autism and intellectual disability: a treatment for encopresis using a behavioral intervention plus laxative across settings. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 4(1), 1.

Bailey Jr., D. B., Raspa, M., Holiday, D., Bishop, E., & Olmsted, M. (2009). Functional skills of individuals with fragile X syndrome: a lifespan cross-sectional analysis. American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 114(4), 289–303.

Bainbridge, N., & Myles, B. S. (1999). The use of priming to introduce toilet training to a child with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(2), 106–109.

Belva, B., Matson, J. L., Barker, A., Shoemaker, M. E., & Mahan, S. (2011). The relationship between adaptive behavior and specific toileting problems according to the profile on toileting issues (POTI). Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(6), 535–542.

Brown, F. J., & Peace, N. (2011). Teaching a child with challenging behaviour to use the toilet: a clinical case study. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(4), 321–326.

Butler, J. F. (1976). The toilet training success of parents after reading toilet training in less than a day. Behavior Therapy, 7(2), 185–191.

Chang, Y. J., Lee, M. Y., Chou, L. D., Chen, S. F., & Chen, Y. C. (2011). A mobile wetness detection system enabling teachers to toilet train children with intellectual disabilities in a public school setting. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(6), 527–533.

Chung, K. M. (2007). Modified version of Azrin and Foxx’s rapid toilet training. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(5), 449–455.

Cicero, F. R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23(5), 319–331.

Cocchiola Jr., M. A., Martino, G. M., Dwyer, L. J., & Demezzo, K. (2012). Toilet training children with autism and developmental delays: an effective program for school settings. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 5(2), 60.

Cooper, S. A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., Williamson, A., & Allan, L. (2007). Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence and associated factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(1), 27–35.

Cooper, S. A., Smiley, E., Jackson, A., Finlayson, J., Allan, L., Mantry, D., & Morrison, J. (2009). Adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, incidence and remission of aggressive behaviour and related factors. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(3), 217–232.

Croen, L. A., Grether, J. K., Hoogstrate, J., & Selvin, S. (2002). The changing prevalence of autism in California. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(3), 207–215.

Dalrymple, N. J., & Ruble, L. A. (1992). Toilet training and behaviors of people with autism: parent views. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(2), 265–275.

Didden, R., Sikkema, S. P., Bosman, I., Duker, P. C., & Curfs, L. M. (2001). Use of a modified Azrin–Foxx toilet training procedure with individuals with Angelman syndrome. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 14(1), 64–70.

Drysdale, B., Lee, C. Y. Q., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2015). Using video modeling incorporating animation to teach toileting to two children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 27(2), 149–165.

Duker, P. C., & Dekkers, M. (1992). Development of diurnal bladder control in severely and profoundly mentally handicapped residents. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 36(2), 177–181.

Dykens, E. M., Hodapp, R. M., & Leckman, J. F. (1989). Adaptive and maladaptive functioning of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized fragile X males. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(3), 427–430.

Equit, M., Piro-Hussong, A., Niemczyk, J., Curfs, L., & von Gontard, A. (2013). Elimination disorders in persons with Prader–Willi and Fragile-X syndromes. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 32(7), 986–992.

Foxx, R. M., & Azrin, N. H.(1973). Dry pants: A rapid method of toilet training children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11(4), 435–442.

Giesbers, S., Didden, R., Radstaake, M., Korzilius, H., von Gontard, A., Lang, R., et al. (2012). Incontinence in individuals with Rett syndrome: a comparative study. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24(3), 287–300.

Henriksen, N., & Peterson, S. (2013). Behavioral treatment of bedwetting in an adolescent with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(3), 313–323.

Joinson, C., Heron, J., Butler, R., Von Gontard, A., Butler, U., Emond, A., & Golding, J. (2007). A United Kingdom population-based study of intellectual capacities in children with and without soiling, daytime wetting, and bed-wetting. Pediatrics, 120(2), 308–316.

Keen, D., Brannigan, K. L., & Cuskelly, M. (2007). Toilet training for children with autism: the effects of video modeling. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(4), 291–303.

Kroeger, K., & Sorensen, R. (2010). A parent training model for toilet training children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), 556–567.

Kroeger, K. A., & Sorensen-Burnworth, R. (2009). Toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities: a critical review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(3), 607–618.

Lancioni, G. E., O'Reilly, M. F., Serenelli, S., & Campodonico, F. (2000). Alarm signals and prompts to eliminate large urinary accidents in a woman with multiple disabilities. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 29(3–4), 152–155.

LeBlanc, L. A., Carr, J. E., Crossett, S. E., Bennett, C. M., & Detweiler, D. D. (2005). Intensive outpatient behavioral treatment of primary urinary incontinence of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 98–105.

Lee, C. Y. Q., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. W. (2014). Using video modeling to toilet train a child with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 26(2), 123–134.

Lovering, J. S., Tallett, S. E., & McKendry, J. B. (1988). Oxybutynin efficacy in the treatment of primary enuresis. Pediatrics, 82(1), 104–106.

Luiselli, J. K. (1997). Teaching toilet skills in a public school setting to a child with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28(2), 163–168.

Luiselli, J. K. (2007). Single-case evaluation of a negative reinforcement toilet training intervention. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 29(1), 59–69.

Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2013). Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorder: a literature review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(12), 1595–1616.

Mantry, D., Cooper, S. A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., Allan, L., Williamson, A., et al. (2008). The prevalence and incidence of mental ill-health in adults with down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(2), 141–155.

Maskey, M., Warnell, F., Parr, J. R., Le Couteur, A., & McConachie, H. (2013). Emotional and behavioural problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 851–859.

Matson, J. L. (1988). Teaching and training relevant community skills to mentally retarded persons. Child & Youth Services, 10(2), 105–121.

Matson, J. L., & LoVullo, S. V. (2009). Encopresis, soiling and constipation in children and adults with developmental disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(4), 799–807.

Matson, J. L., & Shoemaker, M. E. (2011). Psychopathology and intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(5), 367–371.

Matson, J. L., Horovitz, M., & Sipes, M. (2011a). Characteristics of individuals with toileting problems and intellectual disability using the profile of toileting issues (POTI). Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 4(1), 53–63.

Matson, J. L., Neal, D., Hess, J. A., & Kozlowski, A. M. (2011b). Assessment of toileting difficulties in adults with intellectual disabilities: an examination using the profile of toileting issues (POTI). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(1), 176–179.

McLay, L., Carnett, A., van der Meer, L., & Lang, R. (2015). Using a video modeling-based intervention package to toilet train two children with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 1–21.

Mowrer, O. H., & Mowrer, W. M. (1938). Enuresis—A method for its study and treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 8(3), 436.

Ohtake, Y., Takahashi, A., & Watanabe, K. (2015). Using an animated cartoon hero in video instruction to improve bathroom-related skills of a student with autism spectrum disorder. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 50(3), 343–355.

Oliver, C., & Richards, C. (2010). Self-injurious behaviour in people with intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(5), 412–416.

Radstaake, M., Didden, R., Giesbers, S., Korzilius, H., Peters-Scheffer, N., Lang, R., et al. (2013). Incontinence in individuals with Angelman syndrome: a comparative study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 4184–4193.

Rinald, K., & Mirenda, P. (2012). Effectiveness of a modified rapid toilet training workshop for parents of children with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(3), 933–943.

Schum, T. R., Kolb, T. M., McAuliffe, T. L., Simms, M. D., Underhill, R. L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Sequential acquisition of toilet-training skills: a descriptive study of gender and age differences in normal children. Pediatrics, 109(3), 48.

Smiley, E., Cooper, S. A., Finlayson, J., Jackson, A., Allan, L., Mantry, D., et al. (2007). Incidence and predictors of mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(4), 313–319.

Smith, P. S., & Smith, L. J. (1977). Chronological age and social age as factors in intensive daytime toilet training of institutionalized mentally retarded individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 8(3), 269–273.

Strauss, D., & Zigman, W. B. (1996). Behavioral capabilities and mortality risk in adults with and without down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 101(3), 269–281.

Suppo, J. L., & Mayton, M. R. (2012). A portable potty plan for children with autism. Young Exceptional Children, 1096250612451758.

Szyndler, J. (1996). Toileting problems in a group of children with autism. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 1(1), 19–25.

Thomson, K., Walters, K., Martin, G. L., & Yu, C. T. (2011). Teaching adaptive and social skills to individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. In International Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (pp. 339–354). Springer: New York.

Van Laecke, E., Hoebeke, P., Raes, A., Klockaerts, K., & Walle, J. V. (2008). Adequate fluid intake, an important factor in the treatment of urinary incontinence in children suffering mental and/or motor disability. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 4, S37.

Van Oorsouw, W. M., Duker, P. C., Melein, L., & Averink, M. (2009). Long-term effectiveness of the response restriction method for establishing diurnal bladder control. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1388–1393.

Vermandel, A., Van Kampen, M., Van Gorp, C., & Wyndaele, J. (2007). How to toilet train healthy children? A review of the literature. Neurology and Urodynamics, 27, 162–166.

Vermandel, A., Van Kampen, M., De Wachter, S., Weyler, J., & Wyndaele, J. J. (2009). The efficacy of a wetting alarm diaper for toilet training of young healthy children in a day-care center: A randomized control trial. Neurourology and urodynamics, 28(4), 305–308.

Von Gontard, A., Didden, R., Sinnema, M., & Curfs, L. (2010). Urinary incontinence in persons with Prader-Willi syndrome. BJU International, 106(11), 1758–1762.

Williams, F. E., & Sloop, E. W. (1978). Success with a shortened Foxx-Azrin toilet training program. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded, 399–402.