The 2003 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Mechanistic interpretation and practical application of damage and spalling prediction criteria for deep tunnelling

Canadian Geotechnical Journal - Tập 44 Số 9 - Trang 1082-1116 - 2007
Mark S. Diederichs1
1GeoEngineering Centre at Queen’s University and RMC, Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Miller Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada (e-mail: [email protected]).

Tóm tắt

Spalling and strain bursting has long been recognized as a mechanism of failure in deep underground mines in hard rock and in deep infrastructure tunnels. The latter is a significant growth industry, particularly in Europe where subalpine base tunnels in excess of 10 m wide and dozens of kilometres long are being driven by tunnel boring machine (TBM) through alpine terrain at depths greater than 2 km. In more massive granitoid or gneissic ground, these tunnels have experienced significant spalling damage. En route to a practical predictive technique for this condition, the author utilizes a number of analytical and micromechanical tools to validate a simple empirical predictive model for tunnel spall initiation. The true nature of damage and of yield, as the result of extensile damage accumulation, in hard rocks is examined using these tools. Based on the resultant conceptual model, the author expands on the empirical damage threshold, using a spalling limit to differentiate stress paths that lead to crack propagation and spalling from those that incur stable microdamage prior to conventional shear failure at higher relative confinements. Finally, the composite and robust in situ yield model is applied to nonlinear modelling for support design.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aglawe, J.P. 1999. Unstable and violent failure around underground openings in highly stressed ground. Ph.D. thesis, Mining Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.

10.1016/0001-6160(86)90086-6

10.1007/BF01239496

Bathurst R.J., 1988, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 55, 17, 10.1115/1.3173626

Bieniawski, Z.T. 1989. Engineering rock mass classification. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Bieniawski, Z.T. 1993. Classification of rockmasses for engineering: the RMR system and future trends.InComprehensive rock engineering,2(22).Edited byJ. Hudson, Pergamon, Oxford. pp. 553–573.

Brace W.F., 1966, Journal of Geophysical Research, 71, 3939, 10.1029/JZ071i016p03939

10.1016/S0148-9062(99)00047-9

Castro, L. 1996. Analysis of stress-induced damage initiation around deep openings excavated in a moderately jointed brittle rockmass. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Chen, W.F. 1982. Plasticity in reinforced concrete. McGraw Hill, New York. p. 465.

Cividini, A. 1993. Constitutive behaviour and numerical modelling.InComprehensive rock engineering: Principles, practice and projects. Vol. 1.Edited byJ. Hudson. Pergamon, Oxford. pp. 395–426.

Cundall P.A., 1992, Journal of Engineering Computation, 9, 101, 10.1108/eb023851

Cundall P.A., 1979, Géotechnique, 29, 47, 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47

Cundall, P., Carranza-Torres, C., and Hart, R. 2003. A new constitutive model based on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion.InFLAC and numerical modeling in geomechanics. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 17–25.

10.1007/BF01043117

10.1007/s00603-003-0015-y

10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.02.003

Dyskin, A.V., and Germanovich, L.N. 1993. Model of rockburst caused by cracks growing near free surface.InRockbursts and seismicity in mines. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 169–174.

Eberhardt, E.D. 1998. Brittle rock fracture and progressive damage in uniaxial compression. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.

10.1139/cgj-35-2-222

10.1016/0148-9062(85)92060-1

Gramberg, J. 1989. A non-conventional view on rock mechanics and fracture mechanics. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Griffith A.A., 1921, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 221, 163, 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006

10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00100-1

10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00051-5

Hajiabdolmajid V., 2003, Géotechnique, 53, 327, 10.1680/geot.2003.53.3.327

Hoek, E. 1968. Brittle failure of rock.InRock mechanics in engineering practice.Edited byK.G. Stagg and O.C. Zienkewicz. John Wiley & Sons, London. pp. 99–124.

Hoek, E., and Brown, E.T. 1980. Underground excavations in rock. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London.

Hoek E., 1998, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 34, 1165, 10.1016/S1365-1609(97)80069-X

10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.06.005

Hoek, E., Kaiser, P.K., and Bawden, W.F. 1995. Support of underground excavations in hard rock. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. 232 pp.

10.1016/0148-9062(93)90047-H

Horn H.M., 1962, Géotechnique, 12, 319, 10.1680/geot.1962.12.4.319

Illston, J.M., Dinwoodie, J.M., and Smith, A.A. 1979. Concrete, timber and metals. Van Nostrand Reinhold, N.Y.

ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics, Commission on Standardization of Laboratory and Field Tests)., 1979, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 15, 319

Itasca. 2003. FLAC 3D: Fast Lagrangian analysis code. Version 3.0. Itasca Ltd. Minniapolis, Minn.

Itasca. 1995. PFC-Particle flow code. Modelling software, Version 1.0. Itasca Ltd.

Jardine, A.K.S. 1973. Maintenance, replacement and reliability. Pitman, London.

Kaiser P.K., 1993, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 9, 425, 10.1016/0886-7798(94)90101-5

Kaiser, P.K., McCreath, D., and Tannant, D. 1995. Canadian rockburst support handbook. Geomechanics Research Centre and CAMIRO, Sudbury, Ont.

Kaiser, P.K., Diederichs, M.S., Martin, D., Sharpe, J., and Steiner, W. 2000. Invited keynote lecture: Underground works in hard rock tunnelling and mining.InProceedings of GeoEng2000, Melbourne, Australia, 19–24 November 2000. [CDROM]. Technomic Publishing Co., Vol. 1, pp. 841–926.

Kemeny J.M., 1986, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 23, 107, 10.1016/0148-9062(86)90337-2

Lajtai, E.Z., and Dzik, E.J. 1996. Searching for the damage threshold in intact rock.InProceedings of Rock Mechanics – NARMS '96.Edited byM. Aubertin, F. Hassani, and H. Mitri. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Vol. 1. pp. 701–708.

Lajtai E.Z., 1987, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 24, 247, 10.1016/0148-9062(87)90179-3

Laqueche H., 1986, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 23, 347, 10.1016/0148-9062(86)90002-1

Lee M.Y., 1993, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 30, 1039, 10.1016/0148-9062(93)90069-P

10.1007/s10064-004-0270-5

Martin, C.D. 1994. The strength of massive Lac du Bonnet granite around underground openings. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.

10.1139/cgj-34-5-698

Martin C.D., 1994, Canadian Geotechincal Journal, 31, 692, 10.1139/t94-081

Martin C.D., 1997, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 34, 1065, 10.1016/S1365-1609(97)90200-8

10.1139/cgj-36-1-136

Myer, L.R., Kemeny, J.M., Zheng, Z., Suarez, R., Ewy, R.T., and Cook, N.G.W. 1992. Extensile cracking in porous rock under differential compressive stress.InMicromechanical modelling of quasi-brittle materials behaviour.Edited byL.Y. Li. Applied Mechanics Reviews. Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 263–280.

Okubo S., 1996, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 33, 549, 10.1016/0148-9062(96)00024-1

Ortlepp, W.D. 1997. Rock fracture and rockbursts – An illustrative study. Monograph Series M9. South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Johannesburg.

Ortlepp, W.D., O'Ferral, R.C., and Wilson, J.W. 1972. Support methods in tunnels. Association of Mine Managers of South Africa: Papers and Discussions. pp. 167–195.

Owen, D.R.J., and Hinton, E. 1980. Finite elements in plasticity. Pineridge Press, Swansea. p. 589.

Parker J., 1970, Transactions of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, 247, 142

Pelli F., 1991, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 28, 239, 10.1139/t91-030

Pestman B.J., 1996, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 33, 585, 10.1016/0148-9062(96)00011-3

Potyondi, D., and Cundall, P.A. 1998. Modelling notch-formation mechanisms in the URL mine-by test tunnel using bonded assemblies of circular particles. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,35(4–5), Paper No. 67. 6 pp.

Potyondi D., 2004, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41, 1329, 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011

10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.012

Ryder, J.A., and Jager, A.J. 2002. Rock mechanics for tabular hard rock mines. SIMRAC, Braamfontein, South Africa.

Schmidtke R.H., 1985, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 22, 461, 10.1016/0148-9062(85)90010-5

Shah, S. 1992. A study of the behaviour of jointed rock masses. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

Stacey T.R., 1981, International Journal of Fracture, 18, 469

Stacey T.R., 1977, Journal South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 78, 124

Stacey, T.R., and Page, C.H. 1986. Practical handbook for underground rock mechanics. TransTech Publishers, Zurich, Switzerland.

Tapponier P., 1976, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 13, 103, 10.1016/0148-9062(76)91937-9

Trollope, D.H. 1968. The mechanics of discontinua or clastic mechanics in rock problems.InRock mechanics in engineering practice.Edited byK.G. Stagg and O.C. Zienkewicz. John Wiley & Sons, London. pp. 275–320.

Vasak, P., and Diederichs, M.S. 1995. Mine map overlays for excavation performance assessment in burst prone mines. Chapter 9.InThe Canadian rockburst support handbook. Vol. 2.Edited byP.K. Kaiser, D. McCreath, and D. Tannant. Geomechanics Research Centre and CAMIRO, Sudbury, Ont. 43 pp.

Vermeer P.A., 1984, Heron, 29, 1

10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00059-X

Vuilleumier, F., and Aeschbach, M. 2004. The Lötschberg base tunnel – lessons learned from the construction of the tunnel. Presentation at 1° Congresso Brasileiro de Túneis e Estruturas Subterrâneas, Seminário Internacional South American Tunnelling.

Weibull W., 1939, Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Institute of Engineering Research, Stockholm, 151, 115

Weibull W., 1951, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 18, 293, 10.1115/1.4010337

Wiederhorn S.M., 1982, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 53, 543, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1970.tb15962.x

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Canadian Geotechnical Journal

Tập 44 Số 9

1082-1116

Thông tin tác giả