TaVRT-1, a Putative Transcription Factor Associated with Vegetative to Reproductive Transition in Cereals
Tóm tắt
The molecular genetics of vernalization, defined as the promotion of flowering by cold treatment, is still poorly understood in cereals. To better understand this mechanism, we cloned and characterized a gene that we named TaVRT-1 (wheat [Triticum aestivum] vegetative to reproductive transition-1). Molecular and sequence analyses indicated that this gene encodes a protein homologous to the MADS-box family of transcription factors that comprises certain flowering control proteins in Arabidopsis. Mapping studies have localized this gene to the Vrn-1 regions on the long arms of homeologous group 5 chromosomes, regions that are associated with vernalization and freezing tolerance (FT) in wheat. The level of expression of TaVRT-1 is positively associated with the vernalization response and transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and is negatively associated with the accumulation of COR genes and degree of FT. Comparisons among different wheat genotypes, near-isogenic lines, and cereal species, which differ in their vernalization response and FT, indicated that the gene is inducible only in those species that require vernalization, whereas it is constitutively expressed in spring habit genotypes. In addition, experiments using both the photoperiod-sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Dicktoo) and short or long day de-acclimated wheat revealed that the expression of TaVRT-1 is also regulated by photoperiod. These expression studies indicate that photoperiod and vernalization may regulate this gene through separate pathways. We suggest that TaVRT-1 is a key developmental gene in the regulatory pathway that controls the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase in cereals.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Blom N, Gammeltoft S, Brunak S (1999) Sequence and structure-based prediction of eukaryotic protein phosphorylation sites. J Mol Biol 294 : 1351–1362
Brule-Babel AL, Fowler DB (1988) Genetic control of cold hardiness and vernalization requirement in winter wheat. Crop Sci 28 : 879–884
Danyluk J, Sarhan F (1990) Differential mRNA transcription during the induction of freezing tolerance in spring and winter wheat. Plant Cell Physiol 31 : 609–619
Dubcovsky J, Lijavetzky D, Appendino L, Tranquilli G (1998) Comparative RFLP mapping of Triticum monococcum genes controlling vernalization requirement. Theor Appl Genet 97 : 968–975
Endo TR (1988) Induction of chromosomal structural changes by a chromosome of Aegilops cylindrica L in common wheat. J Hered 79 : 366–370
Ferràndiz C, Gu Q, Martienssen R, Yanofsky MF (2000) Redundant regulation of meristem identity and plant architecture by FRUITFULL APETALA1 and CAULIFLOWER. Development 127 : 725–734
Fowler DB, Breton G, Limin AE, Mahfoozi S, Sarhan F (2001) Photoperiod and temperature interactions regulate low-temperature-induced gene expression in barley. Plant Physiol 127 : 1676–1681
Fowler DB, Chauvin LP, Limin AE, Sarhan F (1996a) The regulatory role of vernalization in the expression of low-temperature-induced genes in wheat and rye. Theor Appl Genet 93 : 554–559
Fowler DB, Limin AE, Ritchie JT (1999) Low-temperature tolerance in cereals: model and genetic interpretation. Crop Sci 39 : 626–633
Fowler DB, Limin AE, Wang S-Y, Ward RW (1996b) Relationship between low-temperature tolerance and vernalization response in wheat and rye. Can J Plant Sci 76 : 37–42
Frenette-Charron JB, Breton G, Badawi M, Sarhan F (2002) Molecular and structural analyses of a novel temperature stress-induced lipocalin from wheat and Arabidopsis. FEBS Lett 517 : 129–132
Galiba G, Quarrie SA, Sutka J, Morgounov A (1995) RFLP mapping of the vernalization (Vrn1) and frost resistance (Fr1) genes on chromosome 5A of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 90 : 1174–1179
Gocal GFW, King RW, Blundell CA, Schwartz OM, Andersen CH, Weigel D (2001) Evolution of floral meristem identity genes analysis of Lolium temulentum genes related to APETALA1 and LEAFY of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 125 : 1788–1801
Hepworth SR, Valverde F, Ravenscroft D, Mouradov A, Coupland G (2002) Antagonist regulation of flowering-time gene SOC1 by CONSTANS and FLC via separate promoter motifs. EMBO J 21 : 4327–4337
Houde M, Danyluk J, Sarhan F (1992) A molecular marker to select for freezing tolerance in gramineae. Mol Gen Genet 234 : 43–48
Immink RG, Hannapel DJ, Ferrario S, Busscher M, Franken J, Lookeren Campagne MM, Angenent GC (1999) A petunia MADS-box gene involved in the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. Development 126 : 5117–5126
Jensen CS, Salchert K, Nielsen KK (2001) A TERMINAL FLOWER1-like gene from perennial ryegrass involved in floral transition and axillary meristem identity. Plant Physiol 125 : 1517–1528
Kato K (1988) Method for evaluation of chilling requirement and narrow-sense earliness of wheat cultivars. Jpn J Breed 38 : 172–186
Kato K, Kidou S, Miura H, Sawada S (2002) Molecular cloning of the wheat CK2α gene and detection of its linkage with Vrn-A1 on chromosome 5A. Theor Appl Genet 104 : 1071–1077
Kato K, Miura H, Sawada S (1999a) QTL mapping of genes controlling ear emergence time and plant height on chromosome 5A of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 98 : 472–477
Kato K, Miura H, Sawada S (1999b) Comparative mapping of the wheat Vrn-A1 region and the rice Hd-6 region. Genome 42 : 204–209
Kempin SA, Savidge B, Yanofsky MF (1995) Molecular basis of the cauliflower phenotype in Arabidopsis. Science 267 : 522–525
Kirby EJM, Appleyard M (1987) Cereal development guide. In Russell GE, ed, Stoneleigh Kenilworth, Ed 2. Arable Unit National Agricultural Centre, Warwickshire, UK
Korzun V, Roder M, Worland AJ, Borner A (1997) Interchromosomal mapping of genes for dwarfing (Rht 12) and vernalization response (Vrn1) in wheat by using RFLP and microsatellite markers. Plant Breed 116 : 227–232
Kyozuka J, Kobayashi T, Morita M, Shimamoto K (2000) Spatially and temporally regulated expression of rice MADS-box genes with similarity to Arabidopsis class A, B and C genes. Plant Cell Physiol 41 : 710–718
Law CN, Worland AJ (1997) Genetic analysis of some flowering time and adaptive traits in wheat. New Phytol 137 : 19–28
Law CN, Worland AJ, Giorgi B (1976) The genetic control of ear-emergence time by chromosomes 5A and 5D of wheat. Heredity 36 : 49–58
Limin AE, Danyluk J, Chauvin LP, Fowler DB, Sarhan F (1997) Chromosome mapping of low-temperature induced WCS120 family genes and regulation of cold-tolerance expression in wheat. Mol Gen Genet 253 : 720–727
Limin AE, Fowler DB (1988) Cold hardiness expression in interspecific hybrids and amphiploids of Triticeae. Genome 30 : 361–365
Limin AE, Fowler DB (2002) Developmental traits affecting low-temperature tolerance response in near-isogenic lines for the vernalization locus Vrn-A1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L em Thell). Ann Bot 89 : 579–585
Mahfoozi S, Limin AE, Fowler DB (2001a) Influence of vernalization and photoperiod response on the expression of cold hardiness in winter cereals. Crop Sci 41 : 1006–1011
Mahfoozi S, Limin AE, Fowler DB (2001b) Developmental regulation of low-temperature tolerance in winter wheat. Ann Bot 87 : 751–757
Mahfoozi S, Limin AE, Hayes PM, Hucl P, Fowler DB (1998) Developmental control of low temperature tolerance in cereals. In Slinkard AE, ed, Proceedings of the Ninth International Wheat Genetic Symposium, Vol 4. University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, pp 54–56
Mahfoozi S, Limin AE, Hayes PM, Hucl P, Fowler DB (2000) Influence of photoperiod response on the expression of cold hardiness in wheat and barley. Can J Plant Sci 80 : 721–724
Mandel MA, Gustafson-Brown C, Savidge B, Yanofsky MF (1992) Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene APETALA1. Nature 360 : 273–277
Mandel MA, Yanofsky MF (1995) The Arabidopsis AGL8 MADS-box gene is expressed in inflorescence meristems and is negatively regulated by APETALA1. Plant Cell 7 : 1763–1771
Maystrenko OI (1980) Cytogenetic study of the growth habit and ear-emergence time in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). In Well-Being in Mankind and Genetics. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Genetics, Moscow, Vol 1. MIR Publishers, Moscow, Russia, pp 267–282
Maystrenko OI (1987) Discovery of allelism in the Vrn2 locus of common wheat its development type and its chromosome reports. Third All-Union Conference, Kishmev, Shtintsa, Moscow, Russia, pp 148–149
McIntosh RA, Hart GE, Gale MD (1998) Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. In ZS Li, ZY Xin, eds, Proceedings of the Eighth International Wheat Genetic Symposium on Agricultural. Scientech Press, Beijing, pp 1333–1500
McMaster GS (1997) Phenology development and growth of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L) shoot apex: a review. Adv Agron 59 : 63–118
Monn YH, Kang HG, Jung JH, Jeon JS, Sung SK, An G (1999) Determination of the motif responsible for interaction between the rice APETALA/AGAMOUS-LIKE9 family proteins using a yeast two-hybrid system. Plant Physiol 120 : 1193–1203
Müller BM, Saedler H, Zachgo S (2001) The MADS-box gene DEF28 from Anthirrhinum is involved in the regulation of floral meristem identity and fruit development. Plant J 28 : 169–179
Murai K, Murai R, Takumi S, Ogihara Y (1998) cDNA cloning of three MADS-box genes in wheat (accession nos. AB007504, AB007505, and AB007506) (PGR98–159). Plant Physiol 118 : 330
Nakai K, Kanehisa M (1992) A knowledge base for predicting protein localization sites in eukaryotic cells. Genomics 14 : 897–911
Nelson JC, Sorrells ME, Van Deyne AE, Lu YH, Atkinson M, Bernard M, Leroy P, Faris JD, Anderson JA (1995) Molecular mapping of wheat: major genes and rearrangements in homoeologous groups 4, 5 and 7. Genetics 141 : 721–731
Pan A, Hayes PM, Chen F, Chen THH, Blake T, Wright S, Karsai I, Bedo Z (1994) Genetic analysis of the components of winterhardiness in barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Theor Appl Genet 89 : 900–910
Plaschke J, Borner A, Xie DX, Koebner RMD, Schlegel R, Gale MD (1993) RFLP mapping of genes affecting plant height and growth habit in rye. Theor Appl Genet 85 : 1049–1054
Robbins J, Caulfield MP, Higashida H, Brown DA (1991) Genotypic m3-muscarinic receptors preferentially inhibit M-currents in DNA-transfected NG108-15 neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells. Eur J Neurosci 3 : 820–824
Sarma RN, Gill BS, Sasaki T, Galiba G, Sutka J, Laurie DA, Snape JW (1998) Comparative mapping of the wheat chromosome 5A Vrn-A1 region with rice and its relationship to QTL for flowering time. Theor Appl Genet 97 : 103–109
Schmitz J, Franzen R, Ngyuen TH, Garcia-Maroto F, Pozzi C, Salamini F, Rohde W (2000) Cloning mapping and expression analysis of barley MADS-box genes. Plant Mol Biol 42 : 899–913
Shindo C, Sasakuma T (2002) Genes responding to vernalization in hexaploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 104 : 1003–1010
Simpson GG, Gendall AR, Dean C (1999) When to switch to flowering. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 99 : 519–550
Snape JW, Semikhodskii A, Fish L, Sarma RN, Quarrie SA, Galiba G, Sutka J (1997) Mapping frost tolerance loci in wheat and comparative mapping with other cereals. Acta Agron Hung 45 : 265–270.
Takahashi Y, Shomura A, Sasaki T, Yano M (2001) Hd6 a rice quantitative trait locus involved in photoperiod sensitivity encodes the alpha subunit of protein kinase CK2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 : 7922–7927
Wang S-Y, Ward RW, Ritchie JT, Schultless U (1995) Vernalization in wheat I A model based on the interchangeability of plant age and vernalization duration. Field Crops Res 41 : 91–100
Yalovsky S, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Bracha K, Toledo-Ortiz G, Gruissem W (2000) Prenylation of the floral transcription factor APETALA1 modulates its function. Plant Cell 12 : 1257–1266
Yan L, Loukoianov A, Tranquilli G, Helguera M, Fahima T, Dubcovsky J (2003) Positional cloning of wheat vernalization gene VRN1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 : 6263–6268