Studies on the male and female copulatory apparatus of Trichuris globulosa (Nematoda, Trichuridae)
Tóm tắt
The process of copulation in Trichuris globulosa (see Linstow, 1901) Ransom, 1911 has been studied using morphological, histological and scanning electron microscopical techniques (Keilley et al., 1973). The ventral coiling of the posterior part of the male body around the female is achieved by specialized muscles of the ventral body-wall. The single simple pointed spicule emerges with the everting cirrus and acquires a J-shape. The spicule may help in keeping apart the cuticular brim of the non-spiny noneversible part of the vagina during insemination. The cloacal tube is long with a detached internal cuticle which is eversible to the outside as a cirrus. Eversion is brought about by the protrusion of the spicule and contraction of the muscles of the spicule pouch. During eversion part of the proximal cloacal tube is also extruded and forms the globular part of the cirrus. The globular part is covered with spines, which may help in retaining the male and female in copula. The vagina is differentiated into the proximal vagina uterine and distal vagina vera. The vagina vera has a distal eversible spiny part and a proximal noneversible unarmed part. In Trichuris globulosa, the vagina vera is shorter than the spicule.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bancroft, T. L. (1893): On the whipworm of the rat’s liver. J. and Proc. Roy. Soc., 27: 86–90
Chitwood, B.G., Chitwood, M.B. (1950): An Introduction to Nematology. Monumental Printing Company, Baltimore
Clark, S. A., Shepherd, A. M. (1977): Structure of the spicules and caudal sensory equipment in the male of Aphelenchoides blastophthorus (Nematoda: Tylenchida, Aphelenchina), Nematologica, 23: 103–111
Clark, S. A., Shepherd, A. H., Kempton, A. (1973): Spicule structure in some Heterodera spp. Nematologica, 19: 242–247
Cobb, N. A. (1917): A new parasitic nematode found infecting cotton and potatoes. J. Agr. Res., 11(1): 27–33
Croll, N. A., WRIGHT, K. A. (1976): Observations on the movement and structure of the bursa of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Nematospiroides dubius. Can. J. Zool., 54: 66–1480
Curtice, C. (1890): The Animal Parasites of Sheep. Washington
Dick, T. A., Wright, K. A. (1974): The ultrastructure of the cuticle of the nematode Syphacia obvelata (Rudolphi, 1802). III. Cuticle associated with the male reproductive structures. Can. J. Zool., 52: 179–182
Duggal, C. L. (1978): Copulatory behaviour of male Panagrellus redivivus. Nematologica, 24: 257–268
Duggal, C. L., Kaur, H. (2000): On the functional morphology of the copulatory apparatus of Ascaridia galli. J. Punj. Acad. Sci., 2(1): 161–163
Duggal, C. L., Kaur, H. (2006): SEM studies on the copulatory apparatus of Oesophagostomum columbianum Helminthologia, 43: 3–5
Franklin, M. T. (1952): A disease of Scabiosa caucasica caused by the nematode Aphelenchoides blastophthous n, sp. Ann. Appl. Biol., 39: 54–60
Hogger, C. H., Bird, G. W. (1974): Secondary male sex characteristics of Hoplolaimus galeatus. J. Nematol., 6: 12–16
Keilley, R. O., Dekker, R. A., Bluemink, J. G. (1973): Ligand mediated osmium binding: its application in coating biological specimens for SEM. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 45: 254–258
Lee, D. L. (1973): Evidence for a sensory function for the copulatory spicules of nematodes. J. Zool., 169(3): 281–285
Lee, D. L., Atkinson, H. J. (1976): Nematode sense organs. In B. Dawes (Ed.): Advances in Parasitology, 14, Academic Press, London & New York, pp. 195–265
Linnaeus, C. (1767): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, Secundum classes ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis synomymis, locis. Editio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae (Stockholm), L. Salvii, pp. 533–1327
Linstow, O. Von (1901): Helminthen von den Ufern des Nyassa Sees, ein Beitrag zur Helminthen-fauna von Süd-Afrika. Jenaishe Ztschr. F. Naturw., 35, n.f. 28: 409–428
McLaren, D. J. (1976): Nematode sense organs. In Advances in Parasitology (ed. Ben Dawes) Vol. 14, Academic Press, London & New York, pp. 195–265
Ransom, B. H. (1911): The nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep and other ruminants. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bureau. Ani. Ind. Bull., 127, pp. 132
Schrank, F. P. (1788): Verzeichniss der bischer hinlanglich bekannten Eingeweidewuzmer, nebst einer Abhandwing uber ihre Anverwandtschaften, Muchen, pp. 116
Travassos, L. (1914): Trichostrongylinae brazileiras, Braz. Med., 28: 163, 183
Wagner, G., Seitz, K. A. (1982): Structure and function of the male copulatory apparatus of Pelodera strongyloides (Nematoda, Rhabditidae). Zoomorphology, 97: 121–132
Wen, G. Y., Chen, T. A. (1976): Ultrastructure of the spicules of Pratylenchus penetrans. J. Nematol., 8(1): 69–74
Wright, K. A. (1978): Structure and function of the male copulatory apparatus of the nematodes Capillaria hepatica and Trichuris muris. Can. J. Zool., 56: 651–662