Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni: An alternative Sugar Replacer and Its Application in Food Industry

Food Engineering Reviews - Tập 6 - Trang 150-162 - 2014
Mohammed Abdalbasit A. Gasmalla1,2, Ruijin Yang1, Xiao Hua1
1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
2Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan

Tóm tắt

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a branched bushy shrub of the Asteraceae family, native to the Amambay region in the northeast of Paraguay. Stevioside and rebaudioside A are the main sweetening compounds of interest, which are commercially produced by both chemical and physical processes. S. rebaudiana has a great potential as a new agricultural crop since consumer demand for health promoting foods is increasing, and proximate analysis has shown that Stevia also contains substantial amounts of proteins, potassium, and other essential nutrients. Stevia can be taken in as a carbohydrate diet source without calories. This paper provides an overview of structure and properties of stevioside, various extraction techniques, applicability in food industry, and recent technological advances achieved.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Pól J, Hohnová B, Hyötyläinen T (2007) Characterisation of Stevia Rebaudiana by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 1150:85–92 Fukushima S, Arai M, Nakanowatari J, Hibino T, Okuda M, Ito N (1983) Differences in susceptibility to sodium saccharin among various strains of rats and other animal species. Gann 74:8–20 Whysner J, Williams GM (1996) Saccharin mechanistic data and risk assessment: urine composition, enhanced cell proliferation, and tumor promotion. Pharmacol Ther 71:225–252 Dybing E (2002) Development and implementation of the IPCS conceptual framework for evaluating mode of action of chemical carcinogens. Toxicol 181:121–125 Authority EFS (2011) Statement of EFSA on the scientific evaluation of two studies related to the safety of artificial sweeteners. EFSA Journal 9: 16 www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal Allam A, Nassar A, Besheit S (2001) Nitrogen fertilizer requirements of Stevia rebaudiana bertoni, under Egyptian conditions. Egypt J Agric Res 79:1005–1018 Gasmalla MAA, Yang R, Amadou I, Hua X (2014) Nutritional composition of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf: effect of drying method. Trop J Pharm Res 13:61–65 Abou-Arab AE, Abou-Arab AA, Abu-Salem MF (2010) Physico-chemical assessment of natural sweeteners steviosides produced from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant. Afr J Food Sci 4:269–281 Hansen H-J (2010) Future use of steviol glycosides: results of a survey in the German beverage industry. J Verbr Lebensm 5:237–239 Kienle U (2007) Stevia rebaudiana. Natural sweetness in the bureaucratic jungle. J Culin 5:59–69 Kienle U (2010) A natural fabric makes career. J Verbr Lebensm 5:199–203 Kroyer G (2010) Stevioside and Stevia-sweetener in food: application, stability and interaction with food ingredients. J Verbr Lebensm 5:225–229 Herranz-Lopez M, Barrajon-Catalan E, Beltran-Debon R, Joven J, Micol V (2010) Stevia is a source for alternative sweeteners: potential medicinal effects. Agro Food Ind Hi Tech 21:38–42 Crammer B, Ikan R (1986) Sweet glycosides from the stevia plant. Chem Br 22:915 Kohda H, Kasai R, Yamasaki K, Murakami K, Tanaka O (1976) New sweet diterpene glucosides from Stevia rebaudiana. Phytochemistry 15:981–983 Wölwer-Rieck U (2012) The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), their constituents and the analyses thereof: a review. J Agric Food Chem 60:886–895 Carakostas M, Curry L, Boileau A, Brusick D (2008) Overview: the history, technical function and safety of rebaudioside A, a naturally occurring steviol glycoside, for use in food and beverages. Food Chem Toxicol 46:S1–S10 Schiffman SS, Sattely-Miller EA, Graham BG, Bennett JL, Booth BJ, Desai N, Bishay I (2000) Effect of temperature, pH, and ions on sweet taste. Physiol Behav 68:469–481 Kovylyaeva G, Bakaleinik G, Strobykina IY, Gubskaya V, Sharipova R, Al’Fonsov V, Kataev V, Tolstikov A (2007) Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana. Chem Nat Compd 43:81–85 Joint F WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Steviol glycosides. In: Compendium of food additive specifications, 73th meeting, FAO JECFA Monographs, vol 10, pp 17–22 Kienle U (2010) What is Stevia would you like? Cultivation and production prospects world wide. J Verbr Lebensm 5:241–250 Purkayastha S, Markosyan A, Malsagov M (2012) Process for manufacturing a sweetener and use thereof. In: Google Patents No. 8,334,006 Magomet M, Tomov T, Somann T, Abelyan VH (2011) Process for manufacturing a sweetener and use thereof. In: Google Patents No. 7,862,845B2 Dacome AS, Da Silva CC, Da Costa CE, Fontana JD, Adelmann J, Da Costa SC (2005) Sweet diterpenic glycosides balance of a new cultivar of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni: isolation and quantitative distribution by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and electrophoretic methods. Proc Biochem 40:3587–3594 Bridel M, Lavieille R (1931) The principle of sweetness (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) III. Diastatic hydrolysis of steviol and acid hydrolysis of isosteviol. Bull Soc Chem Biol 13:409–412 Bridel M, Lavieille R (1931) The principle of sweetness (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Bull Soc Chem Biol 13:636–655 Kennelly E (2002) Sweet and non-sweet constituents of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. Stevia, the Genus Stevia. Med Arom Plants Ind Profiles 19:68–85 Kolb N, Herrera J, Ferreyra D, Uliana R (2001) Analysis of sweet diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana: improved HPLC method. J Agric Food Chem 49:4538–4541 Geuns J (2003) Stevioside. Phytochemistry 64:913–921 Kaneda N, Kasai R, Yamasaki K, Tanaka O (1977) Chemical studies on sweet diterpene-glycosides of Stevia rebaudiana: conversion of stevioside into rebaudioside-A. Chem Pharm Bull 25:2466–2467 Kohda H, Kasai R, Yamasaki K, Murakami K, Tanaka O (1976) New sweet diterpene glucosides from Stevia rebaudiana. Phytochem 15:981–983 Sakamoto I, Yamasaki K, Tanaka O (1977) Application of 13C NMR spectroscopy to chemistry of natural glycosides: rebaudioside-C, a new sweet diterpene glycoside of Stevia rebaudiana. Chem Pharm Bull 25:844–846 Kobayashi M, Horikawa S, Degrandi IH, Mitsuhashi H, Ueno J (1977) Dulcosides A and B, new diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana. Phytochem 16:1405–1408 Ogawa T, Nozaki M, Matsui M (1980) Total synthesis of stevioside. Tetrahedron 36:2641–2648 Tanaka O (1982) Steviol-glycosides: new natural sweeteners. Trends Anal Chem 1:246–248 Kinghorn A, Nanayakkara NPD, Soejarto D, Medon P, Kamath S (1982) Potential sweetening agents of plant origin: I. Purification of Stevia rebaudiana sweet constituents by droplet counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr 237:478–483 Fullas F, Kim J, Compadre CM, Douglas Kinghorn A (1989) Separation of natural product sweetening agents using overpressured layer chromatography. J Chromatogr 464:213–219 Liu J, Li S (1995) Separation and determination of Stevia sweeteners by capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. J Liq Chromatogr 18:1703–1719 Mizukami H, Shiiba K, Ohashi H (1982) Enzymatic determination of stevioside in Stevia rebaudiana. Phytochem 21:1927–1930 Nikolova-Damyanova B, Bankova V, Popov S (1994) Separation and quantitation of stevioside and rebaudioside a in plant extracts by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography: a comparison. Phytochem Anal 5:81–85 Kasai R, Yamaguchi H, Tanaka O (1987) High-performance liquid chromatography of glycosides on a new type of hydroxyapatite column. J Chromatogr 407:205–210 Hashimoto Y, Moriyasu M, Nakamura S, Ishiguro S, Komuro M (1978) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination Stevia components on a hydrophilic packed column. J Chromatogr 161:403–405 Ahmed M, Dobberstein R (1982) Stevia rebaudiana: II. High–performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantitation of stevioside, rebaudioside A and rebaudioside C. J Chromatogr 236:519–522 Ahmed M, Dobberstein R, Farnsworth N (1980) Stevia rebaudiana: I. Use of p-bromophenacyl bromide to enhance ultraviolet detection of water-soluble organic acids (steviolbioside and rebaudioside B) in high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr 192:387–393 Chang SS, Cook JM (1983) Stability studies of stevioside and rebaudioside A in carbonated beverages. J Agric Food Chem 31:409–412 Kolb N, Herrera J, Ferreyra D, Uliana R (2001) Analysis of sweet diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana: Improved HPLC method. J Agric Food Chem 49:4538–4541 Vaněk T, Nepovím A, Valíček P (2001) Determination of stevioside in plant material and fruit teas. J Food Compos Anal 14:383–388 Choi YH, Kim I, Yoon KD, Lee SJ, Kim CY, Yoo K-P, Choi Y-H, Kim J (2002) Supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric analysis of stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Chromatographia 55:617–620 Minne VJ, Compernolle F, Toppet S, Geuns JM (2004) Steviol quantification at the picomole level by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 52:2445–2449 Rajasekaran T, Ramakrishna A, Udaya Sankar K, Giridhar P, Ravishankar G (2008) Analysis of predominant steviosides in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Food Biotechnol 22:179–188 Jaitak V, Bandna BS, Kaul V (2009) An efficient microwave-assisted extraction process of stevioside and rebaudioside-A from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni). Phytochem Anal 20:240–245 EdP Moraes, Machado NRCF (2008) Clarification of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni extract by adsorption in modified zeolites. Acta SciTechnol 23:1375–1380 Yoda SK, Marques MO, Petenate AJ, Meireles MAA (2003) Supercritical fluid extraction from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni using CO and CO+ water: extraction kinetics and identification of extracted components. J Food Eng 57:125–134 Pól J, Ostrá EV, Karásek P, Roth M, Benešová K, Kotlaříková P, Čáslavský J (2007) Comparison of two different solvents employed for pressurised fluid extraction of stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana: methanol versus water. Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1847–1857 Teo CC, Tan SN, Yong JWH, Hew CS, Ong ES (2009) Validation of green-solvent extraction combined with chromatographic chemical fingerprint to evaluate quality of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. J Sep Sci 32:613–622 Huang X-Y, Fu J-F, Di D-L (2010) Preparative isolation and purification of steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni using high-speed counter-current chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 71:220–224 Liu J, J-w Li, Tang J (2010) Ultrasonically assisted extraction of total carbohydrates from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and identification of extracts. Food Bioprod Process 88:215–221 Puri M, Sharma D, Tiwari AK (2011) Downstream processing of stevioside and its potential applications. Biotech adv 29:781–791 Choudhari SM, Ananthanarayan L (2007) Enzyme aided extraction of lycopene from tomato tissues. Food Chem 102:77–81 Li S, Li W, Xiao Q-y, Xia Y (2012) Transglycosylation of stevioside to improve the edulcorant quality by lower substitution using cornstarch hydrolyzate and CGTase. Food Chem 138:2064–2069 Ye F, Yang R, Hua X, Shen Q, Zhao W, Zhang W (2012) Modification of stevioside using transglucosylation activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase to reduce its bitter aftertaste. LWT-Food Science and Technology 51:524–530 Musa A, Miao M, Zhang T, Jiang B (2014) Biotransformation of stevioside by Leuconostoc citreum SK24. 002 alternansucrase acceptor reaction. Food Chem 146:23–29 Elkins R (1997) Stevia: nature’s sweetener. Woodland Publishing, California Kroyer G (2010) Stevioside and Stevia-sweetener in food: application, stability and interaction with food ingredients. J. Verbr. Lebensm. 5:225–229 Parpinello GP, Versari A, Castellari M, Galassi S (2001) Stevioside as a replacement of sucrose in peach juice: sensory evaluation. J Sens Stud 16:471–484 Prakash I, Upreti M, Dubois G, King G, Klucik J, San Miguel R (2008) Sweetness enhancers, sweetness enhanced sweetener compositions, methods for their formulation, and uses. In: WO Patent 2,008,147,727 Prakash I, Upreti M (2008) Stevioside polymorphic and amorphous forms, methods for their formulation, and uses. In: WO Patent 2,008,147,725 De S, Mondal S, Banerjee S (2013) Stevioside: technology, applications and health. Wiley, New York Lindsay R (2007) Coke teams up with Cargill to launch new sweetener. Times, online, May 31 Goyal S, Goyal R (2010) Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 61:1–10 Jayaraman S, Manoharan MS, Illanchezian S (2008) In-vitro antimicrobial and antitumor activities of Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae) leaf extracts. Trop J Pharmaceut Res 7:1143–1149 Tadhani M, Subhash R (2006) Preliminary studies on Stevia rebaudiana leaves: proximal composition, mineral analysis and phytochemical screening. J. Med. Sci 6:321–326 Koyama E, Kitazawa K, Ohori Y, Izawa O, Kakegawa K, Fujino A, Ui M (2003) In vitro metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, stevia mixture and enzymatically modified stevia in human intestinal microflora. Food Chem Toxicol 41:359–374 Hossain MA, Siddique A, Mizanur Rhaman S, Hossain A (2010) Chemical composition of the essential oils of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. Asian J Trad Med 5:56–61 Puri M, Sharma D (2011) Antibacterial activity of stevioside towards food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Eng Life Sci 11:326–329 Tadhani MB, Subhash R (2006) In vitro antimicrobial activity of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. Trop J Pharm Res 5:557–560 Jayaraman S, Manoharan MS, Illanchezian S (2008) In-vitro antimicrobial and antitumor activities of Stevia Rebaudiana (Asteraceae) leaf extracts trop. J Pharm Res 7:1143–1149 Ghosh S, Subudhi E, Nayak S (2008) Antimicrobial assay of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extracts against 10 pathogens. Int J Integr Biol 2:27 Lisak K, Lenc M, Jeličić I, Božanić R (2012) Sensory evaluation of the strawberry flavored yoghurt with stevia and sucrose addition. Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam 7:39–43 Saniah K, Samsiah MS (2012) The application of Stevia as sugar substitute in carbonated drinks using response surface methodology. J Trop Agric and Fd Sc 40:23–34 Carvalho ACGd, Oliveira RCGd, Navacchi MFP, Costa CEMd, Mantovani D, Dacôme AS, Seixas FAV, Costa SCd (2013) Evaluation of the potential use of rebaudioside-A as sweetener for diet jam. Food Sci Technol (Campinas) 33:555–560 Palazzo A, Carvalho M, Efraim P, Bolini H (2011) The determination of isosweetness concentrations of sucralose, rebaudioside and neotame as sucrose substitutes in new diet chocolate formulations using the time-intensity analysis. J Sens Stud 26:291–297 Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA (2013) Diterpene Sweeteners (Steviosides). In: Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM (eds) Natural products. Springer, Berlin, pp 3193–3203 Geuns J, Augustijns P, Mols R, Buyse JG, Driessen B (2003) Metabolism of stevioside in pigs and intestinal absorption characteristics of stevioside, rebaudioside A and steviol. Food Chem Toxicol 41:1599–1607 Geuns JM, Malheiros RD, Moraes VM, Decuypere EM-P, Compernolle F, Buyse JG (2003) Metabolism of stevioside by chickens. J Agric Food Chem 51:1095–1101 Koyama E, Sakai N, Ohori Y, Kitazawa K, Izawa O, Kakegawa K, Fujino A, Ui M (2003) Absorption and metabolism of glycosidic sweeteners of stevia mixture and their aglycone, steviol, in rats and humans. Food Chem Toxicol 41:875–883 Wasuntarawat C, Temcharoen P, Toskulkao C, Mungkornkarn P, Suttajit M, Glinsukon T (1998) Developmental toxicity of steviol, a metabolite of stevioside, in the hamster. Drug Chem Toxicol 21:207–222 Chan P, Tomlinson B, Chen YJ, Liu JC, Hsieh MH, Cheng JT (2000) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and tolerability of oral stevioside in human hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 50:215–220 Liu J-C, Kao P-K, Chan P, Hsu Y-H, Hou C-C, Lien G-S, Hsieh M-H, Chen Y-J, Cheng J-T (2002) Mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of stevioside in anesthetized dogs. Pharmacology 67:14–20 Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Alstrup K, Hermansen K (2002) Stevioside induces antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects in vivo: studies in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Phytomed 9:9–14 Hsieh M-H, Chan P, Sue Y-M, Liu J-C, Liang TH, Huang T-Y, Tomlinson B, Chow MSS, Kao P-F, Chen Y-J (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 25:2797–2808 Lee C-N, Wong K-L, Liu J-C, Chen Y-J, Cheng J-T, Chan P (2001) Inhibitory effect of stevioside on calcium influx to produce antihypertension. Planta Med 67:796–799 Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Poulsen C, Hermansen K (2000) Stevioside acts directly on pancreatic β cells to secrete insulin: actions independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate—sensitive K+-channel activity. Metabolism 49:208–214 Yasukawa K, Kitanaka S, Seo S (2002) Inhibitory effect of stevioside on tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Biol Pharm Bull 25:1488–1490 Atteh J, Onagbesan O, Tona K, Decuypere E, Geuns J, Buyse J (2008) Evaluation of supplementary stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, bertoni) leaves and stevioside in broiler diets: effects on feed intake, nutrient metabolism, blood parameters and growth performance. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 92:640–649 Geeraert B, Crombe F, Hulsmans M, Benhabiles N, Geuns J, Holvoet P (2009) Stevioside inhibits atherosclerosis by improving insulin signaling and antioxidant defense in obese insulin-resistant mice. Int J Obes 34:569–577 de Slavutzky SMB (2010) Stevia and sucrose effect on plaque formation. J Verbr Lebensm 5:213–216 Geuns J (2002) Safety evaluation of Stevia and stevioside. Stud Nat Prod Chem 27:299–319 Huxtable RJ (2002) Pharmacology and toxicology of stevioside, rebaudioside A, and steviol. Stevia: The Genus Stevia. Taylor and Francis, London, Engl/New York (NY), pp 160–177 Mitsuhashi H (1976) Safety of stevioside. Tama biochemical Co. Ltd. Report on safety of Stevia, pp 9–10 Medon P, Pezzuto J, Hovanec-Brown J, Nanayakkara N, Soejarto D, Kamath S, Kinghorn A (1982) Safety assessment of some Stevia rebaudiana sweet principles. In: Fed Proc 41:1568 Toskulkac C, Chaturat L, Temcharoen P, Glinsukon T (1997) Acute toxicity of stevioside, a natural sweetener, and its metabolite, steviol, in several animal species. Drug Chem Toxicol 20:31–44 Akashi H, Yokoyama Y (1975) Dried-leaf extracts of stevia, toxicological test. Shokuhin Kogyo 18:34–43 Aze Y, Toyoda K, Imaida K, Hayashi S, Imazawa T, Hayashi Y, Takahashi M (1991) Subchronic oral toxicity study of stevioside in F344 rats. Bull Nat Inst Hyg Sc 109:48–54 Yodyingyuad V, Bunyawong S (1991) Effect of stevioside on growth and reproduction. Hum Rep 6:158–165 Yamada A, Ohgaki S, Noda T, Shimizu M (1985) Chronic toxicity study of dietary stevia extracts in F344 rats. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 26:169–183 Xili L, Chengjiany B, Eryi X, Reiming S, Yuengming W, Haodong S, Zhiyian H (1992) Chronic oral toxicity and carcinogenicity study of stevioside in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 30:957–965 Toyoda K, Matsui H, Shoda T, Uneyama C, Takada K, Takahashi M (1997) Assessment of the carcinogenicity of stevioside in F344 rats. Food ChemToxicol 35:597–603 Additives WF (1999) Series 42: safety evaluation of certain food additives “Stevioside’’. In: Genf, pp 119–143 Mishra P, Singh R, Kumar U, Prakash V (2010) Stevia rebaudiana–A magical sweetener. Global J Biotech & Biochem 5:62–74 Serio L (2010) The Stevia rebaudiana, an alternative sugar. Phytothérapie 8:26–32 Kaushik R, Narayanan P, Vasudevan V, Muthukumaran G, Usha A (2010) Nutrient composition of cultivated stevia leaves and the influence of polyphenols and plant pigments on sensory and antioxidant properties of leaf extracts. J Food Sci Technol 47:27–33 Wood JRHB, Allerton R, Diehl HW, Fletcher HG Jr (1955) Stevioside. I. The structure of the glucose moieties. J Org Chem 20:875–883 Erkucuk A, Akgun I, Yesil-Celiktas O (2009) Supercritical CO2 extraction of glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana leaves: identification and optimization. J Supercrit Fluids 51:29–35 Liu J, Ong C, Li S (1997) Subcritical fluid extraction of Stevia sweeteners from Stevia rebaudiana. J Chromatogr Sci 35:446–450 Puri M, Kaur A, Schwarz WH, Singh S, Kennedy J (2011) Molecular characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of naringin extracted from kinnow peel waste. Int J Biol Macromol 48:58–62 Jung S-W, Kim T-K, Lee K-W, Lee Y-H (2007) Catalytic properties of β-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from alkalophilicBacillus sp. BL-12 and intermolecular transglycosylation of stevioside. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 12:207–212 Ye F, Yang R, Hua X, Shen Q, Zhao W, Zhang W (2014) Modification of steviol glycosides using α-amylase. LWT—Food Sci Technol. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.045 Kochikyan V, Markosyan A, Abelyan L, Balayan A, Abelyan V (2006) Combined enzymatic modification of stevioside and rebaudioside A. Appl Biochem Microbiol 42:31–37