Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2014

American Diabetes Association, 2012

American Diabetes Association, 2012

Li, 2010, Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent and control diabetes mellitus: a systematic review, Diabetes Care, 33, 1872, 10.2337/dc10-0843

American Diabetes Association, 2014, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 37, S81, 10.2337/dc14-S081

International Expert Committee, 2009, International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes, Diabetes Care, 32, 1327, 10.2337/dc09-9033

Ziemer, 2010, Glucose-independent, black-white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels: a cross-sectional analysis of 2 studies, Ann Intern Med, 152, 770, 10.7326/0003-4819-152-12-201006150-00004

Kumar, 2010, Utility of glycated hemoglobin in diagnosing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a community-based study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95, 2832, 10.1210/jc.2009-2433

Selvin, 2011, Racial differences in glycemic markers: a cross-sectional analysis of community-based data, Ann Intern Med, 154, 303, 10.7326/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-00004

Nowicka, 2011, Utility of hemoglobin A(1c) for diagnosing prediabetes and diabetes in obese children and adolescents, Diabetes Care, 34, 1306, 10.2337/dc10-1984

García de Guadiana Romualdo, 2012, The value of hemoglobin A1c for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other changes in carbohydrate metabolism in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus., Endocrinology Nutrition, 59, 362, 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.04.002

Cowie, 2010, Prevalence of diabetes and high risk for diabetes using A1C criteria in the U.S. population in 1988–2006, Diabetes Care, 33, 562, 10.2337/dc09-1524

Picón, 2012, Hemoglobin A1c versus oral glucose tolerance test in postpartum diabetes screening, Diabetes Care, 35, 1648, 10.2337/dc11-2111

Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 1997, Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Care, 20, 1183, 10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183

Genuth, 2003, Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 26, 3160, 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160

Zhang, 2010, A1C level and future risk of diabetes: a systematic review, Diabetes Care, 33, 1665, 10.2337/dc09-1939

Selvin, 2010, Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults, N Engl J Med, 362, 800, 10.1056/NEJMoa0908359

Ackermann, 2011, Identifying adults at high risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease using hemoglobin A1c National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006, Am J Prev Med, 40, 11, 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.022

Griffin, 2011, Effect of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes detected by screening (ADDITION-Europe): a cluster-randomised trial, Lancet, 378, 156, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60698-3

Kahn, 2010, Age at initiation and frequency of screening to detect type 2 diabetes: a cost-effectiveness analysis, Lancet, 375, 1365, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62162-0

Erickson, 2012, New-onset treatment-dependent diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia associated with atypical antipsychotic use in older adults without schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, J Am Geriatr Soc, 60, 474, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03842.x

Chiu, 2011, Deriving ethnic-specific BMI cutoff points for assessing diabetes risk, Diabetes Care, 34, 1741, 10.2337/dc10-2300

Sheehy, 2011, Minority status and diabetes screening in an ambulatory population, Diabetes Care, 34, 1289, 10.2337/dc10-1785

Knowler, 2002, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N Engl J Med, 346, 393, 10.1056/NEJMoa012512

Tuomilehto, 2001, Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, N Engl J Med, 344, 1343, 10.1056/NEJM200105033441801

Pan, 1997, Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study, Diabetes Care, 20, 537, 10.2337/diacare.20.4.537

Buchanan, 2002, Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women, Diabetes, 51, 2796, 10.2337/diabetes.51.9.2796

Chiasson, 2002, Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial, Lancet, 359, 2072, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08905-5

Gerstein, 2006, Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 368, 1096, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69420-8

Ramachandran, 2006, The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1), Diabetologia, 49, 289, 10.1007/s00125-005-0097-z

Johnson, 2005, The efficacy and cost of alternative strategies for systematic screening for type 2 diabetes in the U.S. population 45–74 years of age, Diabetes Care, 28, 307, 10.2337/diacare.28.2.307

Imperatore, 2012, Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth, Diabetes Care, 35, 2515, 10.2337/dc12-0669

American Diabetes Association, 2000, Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, Diabetes Care, 23, 381, 10.2337/diacare.23.3.381

Buse, 2013, Diabetes screening with hemoglobin A(1c) versus fasting plasma glucose in a multiethnic middle-school cohort, Diabetes Care, 36, 429, 10.2337/dc12-0295

Kapadia, 2012, Hemoglobin A1c measurement for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children, Int J Pediatr Endocrinol, 2012, 31, 10.1186/1687-9856-2012-31

Kester, 2012, Using hemoglobin A1c for prediabetes and diabetes diagnosis in adolescents: can adult recommendations be upheld for pediatric use?, J Adolesc Health, 50, 321, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.009

Wu, 2013, Cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for identifying pediatric diabetes mellitus and dysglycemia, JAMA Pediatr, 167, 32, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.419

Lipman, 2013, Increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes in youth: twenty years of the Philadelphia Pediatric Diabetes Registry, Diabetes Care, 36, 1597, 10.2337/dc12-0767

Pettitt

Ziegler, 2013, Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children, JAMA, 309, 2473, 10.1001/jama.2013.6285

Sosenko, 2013, The prediction of type 1 diabetes by multiple autoantibody levels and their incorporation into an autoantibody risk score in relatives of type 1 diabetic patients, Diabetes Care, 36, 2615, 10.2337/dc13-0425

Sorensen, 2013;36:3454–3459, Residual β-cell function 3 to 6 years after onset of type 1 diabetes reduces risk of severe hypoglycemia in children and adolescents, Diabetes Care, 10.2337/dc13-0418

Lawrence, 2008, Trends in the prevalence of preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus among a racially/ethnically diverse population of pregnant women, 1999–2005, Diabetes Care, 31, 899, 10.2337/dc07-2345

Metzger, 2008, Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, N Engl J Med, 358, 1991, 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943

American Diabetes Association, 2011, Standards of medical care in diabetes—2011, Diabetes Care, 34, S11, 10.2337/dc11-S011

Metzger, 2010, International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, Diabetes Care, 33, 676, 10.2337/dc10-0719

Landon, 2009, A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes, N Engl J Med, 361, 1339, 10.1056/NEJMoa0902430

Crowther, 2005, Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes, N Engl J Med, 352, 2477, 10.1056/NEJMoa042973

Vandorsten, 2013, NIH consensus development conference: diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus, NIH Consens State Sci Statements, 29, 1

Horvath, 2010, Effects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ, 340, c1395, 10.1136/bmj.c1395

Kim, 2011, Comparison of hemoglobin A1c with fasting plasma glucose and 2-h postchallenge glucose for risk stratification among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 34, 1949, 10.2337/dc11-0269

Kim, 2002, Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review, Diabetes Care, 25, 1862, 10.2337/diacare.25.10.1862

Tobias, 2012, Healthful dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, Arch Intern Med, 172, 1566, 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3747

Li, 2008, The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study, Lancet, 371, 1783, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60766-7

Lindström, 2006, Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, Lancet, 368, 1673, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69701-8

Knowler, 2009, 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet, 374, 1677, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61457-4

Herman, 2005, The cost-effectiveness of lifestyle modification or metformin in preventing type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance, Ann Intern Med, 142, 323, 10.7326/0003-4819-142-5-200503010-00007

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, 2012, The 10-year cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for diabetes prevention: an intent-to-treat analysis of the DPP/DPPOS, Diabetes Care, 35, 723, 10.2337/dc11-1468

Ackermann, 2008, Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program into the community. The DEPLOY Pilot Study, Am J Prev Med, 35, 357, 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.035

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, 2012, Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Diabetes Care, 35, 731, 10.2337/dc11-1299

DREAM Trial Investigators, 2011, Incidence of diabetes following ramipril or rosiglitazone withdrawal, Diabetes Care, 34, 1265, 10.2337/dc10-1567

Ratner, 2008, Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 4774, 10.1210/jc.2008-0772

Miller, 2013, Evidence of a strong association between frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in T1D Exchange clinic registry participants, Diabetes Care, 36, 2009, 10.2337/dc12-1770

Ziegler, 2011, Frequency of SMBG correlates with HbA1c and acute complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, Pediatr Diabetes, 12, 11, 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00650.x

Farmer, 2007, Impact of self monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with non-insulin treated diabetes: open parallel group randomised trial, BMJ, 335, 132, 10.1136/bmj.39247.447431.BE

O’Kane, 2008, Efficacy of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (ESMON study): randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 336, 1174, 10.1136/bmj.39534.571644.BE

Simon, 2008, Cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes: economic evaluation of data from the DiGEM trial, BMJ, 336, 1177, 10.1136/bmj.39526.674873.BE

Willett, 2012, ACP Journal Club. Meta-analysis: self-monitoring in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes improved HbA1c by 0.25%, Ann Intern Med, 156, JC6, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-12-201206190-02012

Malanda, 2012, Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005060

Sacks, 2011, Position statement executive summary: guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 34, 1419, 10.2337/dc11-9997

Wang, 2012, Self-monitoring of blood glucose is associated with problem-solving skills in hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, Diabetes Educ, 38, 207, 10.1177/0145721712440331

Polonsky, 2011, Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces A1C levels in poorly controlled, noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study, Diabetes Care, 34, 262, 10.2337/dc10-1732

Tamborlane, 2008, Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 359, 1464, 10.1056/NEJMoa0805017

Yeh, 2012, Comparative effectiveness and safety of methods of insulin delivery and glucose monitoring for diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med, 157, 336, 10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00508

Bergenstal, 2013, Threshold-based insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia, N Engl J Med, 369, 224, 10.1056/NEJMoa1303576

Bergenstal, 2013, Recommendations for standardizing glucose reporting and analysis to optimize clinical decision making in diabetes: the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP), Diabetes Technol Ther, 15, 198, 10.1089/dia.2013.0051

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, 1993, The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, 329, 977, 10.1056/NEJM199309303291401

Stratton, 2000, Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study, BMJ, 321, 405, 10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405

Nathan, 2008, Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values, Diabetes Care, 31, 1473, 10.2337/dc08-0545

Rohlfing, 2002, Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA(1c): analysis of glucose profiles and HbA(1c) in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, Diabetes Care, 25, 275, 10.2337/diacare.25.2.275

Wilson, 2008, Relationship of A1C to glucose concentrations in children with type 1 diabetes: assessments by high-frequency glucose determinations by sensors, Diabetes Care, 31, 381, 10.2337/dc07-1835

Kamps, 2010, Racial disparity in A1C independent of mean blood glucose in children with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 33, 1025, 10.2337/dc09-1440

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group, 2000, Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy, N Engl J Med, 342, 381, 10.1056/NEJM200002103420603

Martin, 2006, Neuropathy among the diabetes control and complications trial cohort 8 years after trial completion, Diabetes Care, 29, 340, 10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1549

Ohkubo, 1995, Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 28, 103, 10.1016/0168-8227(95)01064-K

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group, 1998, Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34), Lancet, 352, 854, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07037-8

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group, 1998, Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33), Lancet, 352, 837, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6

Holman, 2008, 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 359, 1577, 10.1056/NEJMoa0806470

Duckworth, 2009, Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 360, 129, 10.1056/NEJMoa0808431

Patel, 2008, Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 358, 2560, 10.1056/NEJMoa0802987

Ismail-Beigi, 2010, Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial, Lancet, 376, 419, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60576-4

Gerstein, 2008, Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 358, 2545, 10.1056/NEJMoa0802743

Nathan, 2005, Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 353, 2643, 10.1056/NEJMoa052187

Nathan, 2009, Modern-day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus after 30 years’ duration: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications and Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications experience (1983–2005), Arch Intern Med, 169, 1307, 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.193

Skyler, 2009, Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association, Diabetes Care, 32, 187, 10.2337/dc08-9026

Riddle, 2010, Epidemiologic relationships between A1C and all-cause mortality during a median 3.4-year follow-up of glycemic treatment in the ACCORD trial, Diabetes Care, 33, 983, 10.2337/dc09-1278

Reaven, 2009, Intensive glucose lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular disease events in Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial participants with lower calcified coronary atherosclerosis, Diabetes, 2642

Duckworth, 2011, The duration of diabetes affects the response to intensive glucose control in type 2 subjects: the VA Diabetes Trial, J Diabetes Complications, 25, 355, 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2011.10.003

Turnbull, 2009, Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes [published correction appears in Diabetologia 2009;52:2470], Diabetologia, 52, 2288, 10.1007/s00125-009-1470-0

Ismail-Beigi, 2011, Individualizing glycemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications of recent clinical trials, Ann Intern Med, 154, 554, 10.7326/0003-4819-154-8-201104190-00007

American Diabetes Association, 2001, Postprandial blood glucose, Diabetes Care, 24, 775, 10.2337/diacare.24.4.775

Ceriello, 2002, Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation: effects of short- and long-term simvastatin treatment, Circulation, 106, 1211, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000027569.76671.A8

Raz, 2009, Effects of prandial versus fasting glycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the HEART2D trial, Diabetes Care, 32, 381, 10.2337/dc08-1671

Metzger, 2007, Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Care, 30, S251, 10.2337/dc07-s225

Kitzmiller, 2008, Managing preexisting diabetes for pregnancy: summary of evidence and consensus recommendations for care, Diabetes Care, 31, 1060, 10.2337/dc08-9020

DeWitt, 2003, Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review, JAMA, 289, 2254, 10.1001/jama.289.17.2254

Rosenstock, 2005, Reduced hypoglycemia risk with insulin glargine: a meta-analysis comparing insulin glargine with human NPH insulin in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 28, 950, 10.2337/diacare.28.4.950

American Diabetes Association, 2009, Intensive Diabetes Management

Mooradian, 2006, Narrative review: a rational approach to starting insulin therapy, Ann Intern Med, 145, 125, 10.7326/0003-4819-145-2-200607180-00010

Wood, 2013, Most youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry do not meet American Diabetes Association or International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes clinical guidelines, Diabetes Care, 36, 2035, 10.2337/dc12-1959

Kmietowicz, 2013, Insulin pumps improve control and reduce complications in children with type 1 diabetes, BMJ, 347, f5154, 10.1136/bmj.f5154

Phillip, 2013, Nocturnal glucose control with an artificial pancreas at a diabetes camp, N Engl J Med, 368, 824, 10.1056/NEJMoa1206881

Wolpert, 2013, Dietary fat acutely increases glucose concentrations and insulin requirements in patients with type 1 diabetes: implications for carbohydrate-based bolus dose calculation and intensive diabetes management, Diabetes Care, 36, 810, 10.2337/dc12-0092

Inzucchi, 2012, Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Diabetes Care, 35, 1364, 10.2337/dc12-0413

Bennett, 2011, Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations, Ann Intern Med, 154, 602, 10.7326/0003-4819-154-9-201105030-00336

Blonde, 2009, Patient-directed titration for achieving glycaemic goals using a once-daily basal insulin analogue: an assessment of two different fasting plasma glucose targets—the TITRATE study, Diabetes Obes Metab, 11, 623, 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01060.x

Evert, 2014, Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes, Diabetes Care, 37, S120, 10.2337/dc14-S120

DAFNE Study Group, 2002, Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 325, 746, 10.1136/bmj.325.7367.746

Kulkarni, 1998, Nutrition Practice Guidelines for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus positively affect dietitian practices and patient outcomes, J Am Diet Assoc, 98, 62, 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00017-0

Rossi, 2010, Diabetes Interactive Diary: a new telemedicine system enabling flexible diet and insulin therapy while improving quality of life: an open-label, international, multicenter, randomized study, Diabetes Care, 33, 109, 10.2337/dc09-1327

Laurenzi, 2011, Effects of carbohydrate counting on glucose control and quality of life over 24 weeks in adult patients with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a randomized, prospective clinical trial (GIOCAR), Diabetes Care, 34, 823, 10.2337/dc10-1490

Ash, 2003, Effect of intensive dietetic interventions on weight and glycaemic control in overweight men with type II diabetes: a randomised trial, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 27, 797, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802295

Rickheim, 2002, Assessment of group versus individual diabetes education: a randomized study, Diabetes Care, 25, 269, 10.2337/diacare.25.2.269

Miller, 2002, Nutrition education improves metabolic outcomes among older adults with diabetes mellitus: results from a randomized controlled trial, Prev Med, 34, 252, 10.1006/pmed.2001.0985

Scavone, 2010, Effect of carbohydrate counting and medical nutritional therapy on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic subjects: a pilot study, Diabet Med, 27, 477, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.02963.x

Goldhaber-Fiebert, 2003, Randomized controlled community-based nutrition and exercise intervention improves glycemia and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients in rural Costa Rica, Diabetes Care, 26, 24, 10.2337/diacare.26.1.24

Ziemer, 2003, A simple meal plan emphasizing healthy food choices is as effective as an exchange-based meal plan for urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 26, 1719, 10.2337/diacare.26.6.1719

Takahashi, 2002, Development of a new method for simple dietary education in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus, Nihon Rohen Igakkai Zasshi, 39, 527, 10.3143/geriatrics.39.527

Wolf, 2004, Translating lifestyle intervention to practice in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: Improving Control with Activity and Nutrition (ICAN) study, Diabetes Care, 27, 1570, 10.2337/diacare.27.7.1570

Barnard, 2006, A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 29, 1777, 10.2337/dc06-0606

Nield, 2007;, Dietary advice for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004097

Davis, 2010, TeleHealth improves diabetes self-management in an underserved community: Diabetes TeleCare, Diabetes Care, 33, 1712, 10.2337/dc09-1919

Huang, 2010, Prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate effectiveness of registered dietitian-led diabetes management on glycemic and diet control in a primary care setting in Taiwan, Diabetes Care, 33, 233, 10.2337/dc09-1092

Al-Shookri, 2012, Effectiveness of medical nutrition treatment delivered by dietitians on glycaemic outcomes and lipid profiles of Arab, Omani patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabet Med, 29, 236, 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03405.x

Coppell, 2010, Nutritional intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes who are hyperglycaemic despite optimised drug treatment—Lifestyle Over and Above Drugs in Diabetes (LOADD) study: randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 341, c3337, 10.1136/bmj.c3337

Tan, 2011, A brief structured education programme enhances self-care practices and improves glycaemic control in Malaysians with poorly controlled diabetes, Health Educ Res, 26, 896, 10.1093/her/cyr047

Battista, 2012, Dietitian-coached management in combination with annual endocrinologist follow up improves global metabolic and cardiovascular health in diabetic participants after 24 months, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 37, 610, 10.1139/h2012-025

Franz, 1995, Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled clinical trial, J Am Diet Assoc, 95, 1009, 10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00276-6

Graber, 2002, Improving glycemic control in adults with diabetes mellitus: shared responsibility in primary care practices, South Med J, 95, 684, 10.1097/00007611-200295070-00006

Sämann, 2005, Glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia following training in flexible, intensive insulin therapy to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: a prospective implementation study, Diabetologia, 48, 1965, 10.1007/s00125-005-1905-1

Lowe, 2008, Flexible eating and flexible insulin dosing in patients with diabetes: Results of an intensive self-management course, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 80, 439, 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.02.003

McIntyre, 2010, Dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE)—an audit of outcomes in Australia, Med J Aust, 192, 637, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03662.x

Wolever, 1999, Day-to-day consistency in amount and source of carbohydrate intake associated with improved blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes, J Am Coll Nutr, 18, 242, 10.1080/07315724.1999.10718858

Rabasa-Lhoret, 1999, Effects of meal carbohydrate content on insulin requirements in type 1 diabetic patients treated intensively with the basal-bolus (ultralente-regular) insulin regimen, Diabetes Care, 22, 667, 10.2337/diacare.22.5.667

Esposito, 2009, Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 151, 306, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00004

Pi-Sunyer, 2007, Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the Look AHEAD trial, Diabetes Care, 30, 1374, 10.2337/dc07-0048

Estruch, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet, N Engl J Med, 368, 1279, 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303

Metz, 2000, A randomized trial of improved weight loss with a prepared meal plan in overweight and obese patients: impact on cardiovascular risk reduction, Arch Intern Med, 160, 2150, 10.1001/archinte.160.14.2150

West, 2007, Motivational interviewing improves weight loss in women with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 30, 1081, 10.2337/dc06-1966

Larsen, 2011, The effect of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a 12 month randomised controlled trial, Diabetologia, 54, 731, 10.1007/s00125-010-2027-y

Li, 2005, Long-term efficacy of soy-based meal replacements vs an individualized diet plan in obese type II DM patients: relative effects on weight loss, metabolic parameters, and C-reactive protein, Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 411, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602089

Brehm, 2009, One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 32, 215, 10.2337/dc08-0687

Davis, 2009, Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 32, 1147, 10.2337/dc08-2108

Guldbrand, 2012, In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss, Diabetologia, 55, 2118, 10.1007/s00125-012-2567-4

Krebs, 2012, The Diabetes Excess Weight Loss (DEWL) Trial: a randomised controlled trial of high-protein versus high-carbohydrate diets over 2 years in type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia, 55, 905, 10.1007/s00125-012-2461-0

Wing, 2013, Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 369, 145, 10.1056/NEJMoa1212914

Li, 2009, Regular consumption of nuts is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in women with type 2 diabetes, J Nutr, 139, 1333, 10.3945/jn.108.103622

Wheeler, 2012, Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010, Diabetes Care, 35, 434, 10.2337/dc11-2216

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