Standardization of Offshore Surface Wind Speeds
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anctil, 1996, Air–water momentum flux observations over shoaling waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1344, 10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1344:AMFOOS>2.0.CO;2
Beljaars, 1987, The influence of sampling and filtering on measured wind gusts, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 613, 10.1175/1520-0426(1987)004<0613:TIOSAF>2.0.CO;2
Bye, 2006, Drag coefficient reduction at very high wind speeds, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 10.1029/2005JC003114
Charnock, 1955, Wind stress on a water surface, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639, 10.1002/qj.49708135027
Chock, 2005, Modeling of topographic wind speed effects in Hawaii, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 93, 623, 10.1016/j.jweia.2005.06.002
Durst, 1960, Wind speeds over short periods of time, Meteor. Mag., 89, 181
Dyer, 1974, A review of flux-profile relationships, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 16, 249
ESDU, 1982
ESDU, 1983
Fairall, 2003, Bulk parameterization of air–sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm, J. Climate, 16, 571, 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2
Fairall, 2006, Turbulent bulk transfer coefficients and ozone deposition velocity in the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research into Transport and Transformation, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 10.1029/2006JD007597
Garratt, 1977, Review of drag coefficients over oceans and continents, Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 915, 10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0915:RODCOO>2.0.CO;2
Garratt, 1994
Geernaert, 1986, Variation of the drag coefficient and its dependence on sea state, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 7667, 10.1029/JC091iC06p07667
Grachev, 1997, Surface-layer scaling for the convection-induced stress regime, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 83, 423, 10.1023/A:1000281625985
Grachev, 1998, On the determination of the neutral drag coefficient in the convective boundary layer, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 86, 257, 10.1023/A:1000617300732
Grachev, 2011, Turbulent fluxes and transfer of trace gases from ship-based measurements during TexAQS 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 116, 10.1029/2010JD015502
Harper, 2010
He, 2013, Wind characteristics over different terrains, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 120, 51, 10.1016/j.jweia.2013.06.016
He, 2014, Field measurements of wind characteristics over hilly terrain within surface layer, Wind Struct., 19, 541, 10.12989/was.2014.19.5.541
He, 2014, Standardization of raw wind speed data under complex terrain conditions: A data-driven scheme, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 131, 12, 10.1016/j.jweia.2014.05.002
Hsu, 1992, An overwater stability criterion for the offshore and coastal dispersion model, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 397, 10.1007/BF00155204
Irwin, 2006, Exposure categories and transitions for design wind loads, J. Struct. Eng., 132, 1755, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:11(1755)
Janssen, 1997, Does wind stress depend on sea-state or not?—A statistical error analysis of HEXMAX data, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 83, 479, 10.1023/A:1000336814021
Lange, 2004, Importance of thermal effects and the sea surface roughness for offshore wind resource assessment, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 92, 959, 10.1016/j.jweia.2004.05.005
Large, 1981, Open ocean momentum flux measurement in moderate to strong winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 324, 10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0324:OOMFMI>2.0.CO;2
Li, 2005, Full-scale monitoring of typhoon effects on super tall buildings, J. Fluids Struct., 20, 697, 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2005.04.003
Mahrt, 2016, Coastal zone surface stress with stable stratification, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 95, 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0116.1
Masters, 2010, Toward objective, standardized intensity estimates from surface wind speed observations, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1665, 10.1175/2010BAMS2942.1
Oost, 2002, New evidence for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during ASGAMAGE, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 103, 409, 10.1023/A:1014913624535
Peña, 2008, Measurements and modelling of the wind speed profile in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 129, 479, 10.1007/s10546-008-9323-9
Petersen, 2009, Aircraft-based observations of air–sea flux over Denmark Strait and the Irminger Sea during high wind speed conditions, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 2030, 10.1002/qj.355
Powell, 1980, Evaluation of diagnostic marine boundary-layer models applied to hurricanes, Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 757, 10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0757:EODMBL>2.0.CO;2
Powell, 1996, Hurricane Andrew’s landfall in south Florida. Part I: Standardization measurements for documentation of surface wind fields, Wea. Forecasting, 11, 303, 10.1175/1520-0434(1996)011<0304:HALISF>2.0.CO;2
Powell, 2003, Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones, Nature, 422, 279, 10.1038/nature01481
Shu, 2015, Statistical analysis of wind characteristics and wind energy potential in Hong Kong, Energy Convers. Manage., 101, 644, 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.05.070
Simiu, 1973, Logarithmic profiles and design wind speeds, J. Eng. Mech. Div. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng., 99, 1073
Simiu, 1996
Smith, 1992, Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The HEXOS results, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 60, 109, 10.1007/BF00122064
Song, 2012, Wind characteristics of a strong typhoon in marine surface boundary layer, Wind Struct., 15, 1, 10.12989/was.2012.15.1.001
Stauffer, 1991, Use of four-dimensional data assimilation in a limited-area mesoscale model. Part II: Effects of data assimilation within the planetary boundary layer, Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 734, 10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<0734:UOFDDA>2.0.CO;2
Tamura, 1989, Correction of annual maximum wind speed considering yearly variation of the group roughness in Japan, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 32, 21, 10.1016/0167-6105(89)90013-5
Taylor, 2001, The dependence of sea surface roughness on the height and steepness of the waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 572, 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<0572:TDOSSR>2.0.CO;2
Verkaik, 2000, Evaluation of two gustiness models for exposure correction calculations, J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1613, 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<1613:EOTGMF>2.0.CO;2
Vickers, 2010, Sea-surface roughness lengths in the midlatitude coastal zone, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1089, 10.1002/qj.617
Vickery, 2000, Elimination of exposure D along hurricane coastline in ASCE7, J. Struct. Eng., 126, 545, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:4(545)
Vickery, 2005, Hurricane gust factor revisited, J. Struct. Eng., 131, 825, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:5(825)
Vickery, 2009, A hurricane boundary layer and wind field model for use in engineering applications, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 381, 10.1175/2008JAMC1841.1
Walmsley, 1990, Surface-layer flow in complex terrain: Comparison of models and full-scale observations, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 52, 259, 10.1007/BF00122090
Wieringa, 1973, Gust factors over open water and built-up country, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 3, 424, 10.1007/BF01034986
Wieringa, 1986, Roughness-dependent geographical interpolation of surface wind speed average, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 867, 10.1002/qj.49711247316
WMO, 2008
Wu, 1980, Wind-stress coefficients over sea surface near neutral conditions—A revisit, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 727, 10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<0727:WSCOSS>2.0.CO;2
Yan, 2016, RANS simulation of neutral atmospheric boundary layer flows over complex terrain by proper imposition of boundary conditions and modification on the k-ε model, Environ. Fluid Mech., 16, 1, 10.1007/s10652-015-9408-1
Yelland, 1996, Wind stress measurements from the open ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 541, 10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<0541:WSMFTO>2.0.CO;2