Stakeholder perspectives on hiring teaching-focused faculty at research-intensive universities

International Journal of STEM Education - Tập 9 - Trang 1-14 - 2022
Ashley N. Harlow1, Natascha T. Buswell2,3, Stanley M. Lo4, Brian K. Sato5
1Center for Teaching and Learning, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
2Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA
3Henry Samueli School of Engineering, Irvine, USA
4Division of Biological Sciences and Program in Mathematics and Science Education, UC San Diego, San Diego, USA
5Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine, Irvine, USA

Tóm tắt

Teaching-focused faculty positions have grown in popularity in higher education and provide novel opportunities to transform undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. The University of California (UC) system employs a unique teaching-focused faculty position, officially called the Lecturer with Potential Security of Employment (L(P)SOE), with the working title called Professor of Teaching (PoT). The UC PoT position is a tenure-track position with teaching as the primary tenure expectation. We present findings from interviews with stakeholder faculty in STEM departments at three UC campuses to identify reasons for hiring PoT, capture accomplishments of PoT in their departments and disciplinary fields, and identify potential barriers to PoT success. Overall, this study highlights stakeholder’s perspectives on the value of teaching-focused faculty in research-intensive universities. Stakeholders described the goals for hiring Professors of Teaching, which included easing the burden of teaching responsibilities of the departments and adding consistency of instruction. While the stakeholders expressed that PoT were meeting the goals for being hired, they also identified many barriers for PoT being fully integrated and successful. The stakeholders expressed concern about unclear and unfair expectations related to tenure and promotion. The findings point to a general undervaluing and underappreciation of teaching-focused faculty and suggest that in order for PoT to have a positive impact on STEM higher education, they need more support and inclusion from their colleagues and institutions.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Academic Personnel and Programs. (n.d.). Retrieved September 09, 2020, from https://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel-programs/academic-personnel-policy/. American Association of University Professors. (2017). AAUP Contingent Faculty Index. Retrieved October 10, 2018 from http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/research/conind2017.htm. Anderson, W. A., Banerjee, U., Drennan, C. L., Elgin, S. C. R., Epstein, I. R., Handelsman, J., & Strobel, S. A. (2011). Changing the culture of science education at research universities. Science, 331(6014), 152–153. Andrews, T. C., Conaway, E. P., Zhao, J., & Dolan, E. L. (2016). Colleagues as change agents: How department networks and opinion leaders influence teaching at a single research university. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 15(2), ar15. Baepler, P., Walker, J. D., & Driessen, M. (2014). It’s not about seat time: Blending, flipping, and efficiency in active learning classrooms. Computers & Education, 78, 227–236. Baron-Nixon, L. (2007). Connecting non full-time faculty to institutional mission: A guidebook for college/university administrators and faculty developers. Stylus Publishing LLC. Bastrykin, S. V., & Vorob'Eva, O. A. (2018). Public sector financial reporting-based evaluation of economic security of a public higher education institution. In Innovation Management and Education Excellence through Vision 2020 (pp. 6579–6590). Bergquist, W. H. (1992). The four cultures of the academy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc. Publishers. Borrego, M., & Henderson, C. (2014). Increasing the use of evidence-based teaching in STEM higher education: A comparison of eight change strategies. Journal of Engineering Education, 103(2), 220–252. Brownell, S. E., & Tanner, K. D. (2012). Barriers to faculty pedagogical change: Lack of training, time, incentives, and… tensions with professional identity?. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 11(4), 339–346. Burt, R. S. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), 349–399. Bush, S. D., Pelaez, N. J., Rudd, J. A., Stevens, M. T., Tanner, K. D., & Williams, K. S. (2011). Investigation of science faculty with education specialties within the largest university system in the United States. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 10(1), 25–42. Bush, S. D., Pelaez, N. J., Rudd, J. A., Stevens, M. T., Tanner, K. D., & Williams, K. S. (2013). Widespread distribution and unexpected variation among science faculty with education specialties (SFES) across the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(18), 7170–7175. Bush, S. D., Pelaez, N. J., Rudd, J. A., Stevens, M. T., Tanner, K. D., & Williams, K. S. (2016). Fostering change from within: Influencing teaching practices of departmental colleagues by science faculty with education specialties. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0150914. Bush, S. D., Stevens, M. T., Tanner, K. D., & Williams, K. S. (2017). Origins of science faculty with education specialties: Hiring motivations and prior connections explain institutional differences in the SFES phenomenon. BioScience, 67(5), 452–463. Bush, S. D., Stevens, M. T., Tanner, K. D., & Williams, K. S. (2020). Disciplinary bias, money matters, and persistence: Deans’ Perspectives on Science Faculty with Education Specialties (SFES). CBE—Life Sciences Education, 19(3), ar34. Cadez, S., Dimovski, V., & Groff, M. Z. (2017). Research, teaching and performance evaluation in academia: The salience of quality.". Studies in Higher Education, 42(8), 1455–1473. Cooper, K. M., & Brownell, S. E. (2020). Student anxiety and fear of negative evaluation in active learning science classrooms. In Active learning in college science: The case for evidence-based practice (pp. 909–925). Cox, B. E., McIntosh, K. L., Reason, R. D., & Terenzini, P. T. (2011). A culture of teaching: Policy, perception, and practice in higher education. Research in Higher Education, 52(8), 808–829. Cromley, J. G., Perez, T., & Kaplan, A. (2016). Undergraduate STEM achievement and retention: Cognitive, motivational, and institutional factors and solutions. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(1), 4–11. Fairweather, J. (2008). Linking evidence and promising practices in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) undergraduate education. Washington, DC: Board of Science Education, National Research Council, The National Academies. Falkenheim, J., & Hale, K. (2015). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering: (Special Report NSF No. 15-311). Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd. Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. Figlio, D. N., Schapiro, M. O., & Soter, K. B. (2015). Are tenure track professors better teachers? Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(4), 715–724. Flecknoe, S. J., Choate, J. K., Davis, E. A., Hodgson, Y. M., Johanesen, P. A., Macaulay, J. O., Murphy, K., Sturrock, W. J., & Rayner, G. M. (2017). Redefining academic identity in an evolving higher education landscape. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 14(2), 2. Freeman, S., Eddy, S. L., McDonough, M., Smith, M. K., Okoroafor, N., Jordt, H., & Wenderoth, M. P. (2014). Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(23), 8410–8415. Geschwind, L., & Broström, A. (2015). Managing the teaching–research nexus: Ideals and practice in research-oriented universities. Higher Education Research & Development, 34(1), 60–73. Granovsky, B. & Wilson, J. (2019). Foreign STEM students in the United States. (CRS Report No. IF11347). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11347. Grunspan, D. Z., Sato, B. K., Cui, Q., & Lo, S. (Forthcoming). Understanding the roles of professors of teaching in Departmental and Institutional Networks about Teaching. Higher Education. Harlow, A., Lo, S. M., Saichaie, K., & Sato, B. K. (2020). Characterizing the University of California’s tenure-track teaching position from the faculty and administrator perspectives. PLoS ONE, 15(1), e02276. Kennedy, T. J., & Odell, M. R. L. (2014). Engaging students in STEM education. Science Education International, 25(3), 246–258. Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. MacLean, M., & Poole, G. (2010). An introduction to ethical considerations for novices to research in teaching and learning in Canada. Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 1(2), art 7. Manning, K. (2017). Organizational theory in higher education. Routledge. In: Mech, A. Adjunct faculty on the fringes: The quest for recognition and support in community colleges. Education Doctoral, Paper 302. Marginson, S., Tytler, R., Freeman, B., & Roberts, K. (2013). STEM: country comparisons international: comparisons of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. Final report. Melbourne, VIC: Australian Council of Learned Academies. Merritt, D. J. (2008). Bias, the brain, and student evaluations of teaching. John’s Law Review, 82, 235. Milem, J. F., Berger, J. B., & Dey, E. L. (2000). Faculty time allocation: A study of change over twenty years. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), 454–475. Mitten, C., & Ross, D. (2018). Sustaining a commitment to teaching in a research-intensive university: What we learn from award-winning faculty. Studies in Higher Education, 43(8), 1348–1361. Olson, S., & Riordan, D. G. (2012). Engage to Excel: producing one million additional college graduates with Degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Report to the President. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). (2010). Prepare and inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future. Washington, DC: PCAST. Rawn, C. D., & Fox, J. A. (2018). Understanding the work and perceptions of teaching-focused Faculty in a Changing Academic Landscape. Research in Higher Education., 59(5), 591–622. Sabagh, Z., & Saroyan, A. (2014). Professors’ perceived barriers and incentives for teaching improvement. International Education Research, 2(3), 18–40. Sagan, O., & Miller, E. (Eds.). (2017). Narratives of loneliness: Multidisciplinary perspectives from the 21st century. Oxfordshire: Routledge. Serow, R. C. (2000). Research and teaching at a research university. Higher Education, 40(4), 449–463. Shevlin, M., Winter, E., & Flynn, P. (2013). Developing inclusive practice: Teacher perceptions of opportunities and constraints in the Republic of Ireland. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 17(10), 1119–1133. Tagg, J. (2012). Why does the faculty resist change? Change: the Magazine of Higher Learning, 44(1), 6–15. The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. (n.d.). About Carnegie Classification. Retrieved July 2019, from http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/. UCI Academic Personnel. (2019). LSOE series working title. Retrieved February 2022 from https://ap.uci.edu/lsoe-series-working-title/. University of California. (2018). Fall enrollment at a glance: 2018. Retrieved March 2019 from https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/infocenter/fall-enrollment-glance. U.S. Department of Education. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics (2020). Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning as a social system. Systems Thinker, 9(5), 2–3. Wenger, E. (2010). Communities of practice and social learning systems: The career of a concept. In Social learning systems and communities of practice (pp. 179–198). London: Springer.