South Africa’s port doctrine: dilemmas and the way forward
Tóm tắt
This study uses content analyses to examine 137 stakeholders’ submissions to the Ports Regulator of South Africa from 2009/2010 to 2018/2019, classifying themes into two broad categories, namely port authority pricing and port governance, which together define South Africa’s port doctrine. Results show that South Africa’s system of eight commercial seaports is unique and is financed and managed using a mix of elements from the Anglo-Saxon and Asian doctrines and attempts to charge port tariffs according to the Anglo-Saxon doctrine. The paper critiques the port authority pricing methodology employed in South Africa and shows its inconsistency with sound pricing principles and global best practices. The governance structure and how it has persistently defied legislation, which served to promote anticompetitive behaviour and at worst accommodated years of corrupt activities that have recently surfaced, are also discussed. The recommendation is a swift incorporation of Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) as a stand-alone entity outside of Transnet. Incorporation of TNPA would help to remove the present conflicts of interests, improve transparency, accountability and regulation as well as incentivise improved productivity and infrastructure spending, and attract private investments into the ports system.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aderibigbe, N. 2015. South Africa’s Transnet raises $853m syndicated loan to fund locomotive acquisition programme. [Online] Available at: http://thenerveafrica.com/1075/south-africas-transnet-raises-853m-syndicated-loan-to-fund-locomotive-acquisition-programme/ [Accessed: 26 January 2017].
Bennathan, K., and A. Walters. 1979. Port pricing and investment policy for developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bhuckory, K. 2013. Transnet says its best placed to run S. African ports. Viewed 16 April 2014 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-18/transnet-says-its-best-placed-to-run-s africanports.html.
Cape Chamber of Commerce. 2017. Comments: The Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) Tariff Application for 2018 / 2019 [Online] Available: https://www.portsregulator.org/images/documents/Cape-Chamber-NPA-Tariff-Application-Comments-2018-19.pdf [Accessed: 20 January 2019].
Cavanagh, S. 1997. Content analysis: concepts, methods and applications. Nurse Researcher 4 (3): 5–16.
Chang, H.-J. 2010. How to ‘do’ a developmental state: political, developmental and human resource requirements for the developmental state. In Constructing a democratic developmental state in South Africa, ed. O. Edigheji. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Chasomeris, M. 2011. Port pricing in South Africa. Paper presented at the European Conference on Shipping Intermodalism & Ports, Chios, Greece, 22-24 June.
Chasomeris, M.G. 2015. Port infrastructure pricing: a critique of the revenue required methodology. International Journal of Transport Economics XLII 2: 153–170.
Competition Commission. 2016. Competition news. [Online] Available at: http://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/4932-Competition-Commission-Newsletter-September-2016-WEB.pdf [Accessed 25 September 2018].
De Langen, P., and C. Heij. 2013. Performance effect of corporatization of port of Rotterdam authority. Marseilles: IAME.
Edigheji, O. 2010. Constructing a democratic developmental state in South Africa: potentials and challenges, 2010. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Evans, P.B. 1989. Predatory, developmental, and other apparatuses: a comparative political economy perspective on the Third World state. Sociology Forum 4 (4): 561–587.
Fakir, M., and M. Chasomeris. 2019. Ports regulation in South Africa: a new equitable tax rate approach. In Presented at International Association of Maritime Economics (IAME) conference, 25–28 June. Athens: Greece.
Fine, B. 2008. The minerals-energy complex is dead: long live the MEC?, Unpublished paper for the Amandla Colloquium, Cape Town.
Fruit, SA. 2013. Submission to the National Ports Regulator of South Africa: Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) tariff application 2014/15. [Online] Available at: http://www.portsregulator.org/images/documents/FSA_Submission_to_the_Ports_Regulator_ of_SA_TNPA_Tariff_Application_2014_Comments_14-15.Pdf [Accessed 28 May 2014].
Good, Carter V., and E. Scates Douglas. 1954. Methods of research—educational, psychological, sociological. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc..
Gumede, S., and M. Chasomeris. 2015. Maritime port pricing and governance in South Africa: trends and stakeholder comments. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 8 (1): 47–62.
Gumede, S., and M.G. Chasomeris. 2017. A critique of South Africa’s National Ports Authority’s revenue required pricing methodology. International Journal of Transport Economics 44 (4).
Gumede, S., and M. Chasomeris. 2018. Pricing strategy and tariff structure for a port authority: a case study of South Africa. Maritime Policy & Management 45 (6): 756–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2018.1446103.
Haralambides, H.E. 2002. Competition, excess capacity, and the pricing of port infrastructure. International Journal of Maritime Economics 4: 323–347.
Johnson, C. 1982. MITI and the Japanese miracle: the growth of industrial policy. 1925–1975. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Lee, T., and M. Flynn. 2011. Charting a new paradigm of container port development policy: the Asian doctrine. Transport Reviews 31 (6): 791–806.
Levi-Faur, D. 1998. The developmental state: Israel, South Korea, and Taiwan compared. Studies in Comparative International Development 33 (1): 65–93.
Lotter, C., and Chasomeris, M. 2018. Valuing long term regulated port assets: Proposing a framework. Paper presented at the International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) Annual Conference, 11-14 September, Mombasa, Kenya
Low, L. 2004. Developmental states: relevancy, redundancy or reconfiguration? New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc..
McKinnon, I. 2006. Living with inflation in the United States: a new monetary rule for China? [Online]. Available at: http://www.stanford.edu/~mckinnon/briefs/policybrief_sep06 [Accessed 23 April 2014].
Meersman, H., Voorde, E. V. D. and Vanelslander, T. 2003. Port pricing considerations. [Online] Available at: www.ejtir.tbm.tudelft.nl/issues/2003_04/pdf/2003_04_03.pdf [Accessed 13 December 2016].
Meyiwa, A., and M. Chasomeris. 2016. Restructuring port governance in South Africa. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 9 (3): 854–873.
Meyric, S. 1989. Port pricing: some observations on principles and practice, ASRRF. Centre for Transport Policy Analysis: University of Wollongong.
National Ports Act. 2005. c.4. Cape Town: Government Gazette.
NPCC. 2017. Proposals to Transnet National Ports Authority’s Alteration of Tariffs for 2018/2019 [Online] Available: https://www.portsregulator.org/images/documents/NPCC-NPA-Tariff-Application-Comments-2018-19.pdf [Accessed: 20 January 2019].
NPCC. 2018. Proposals to Transnet National Ports Authority’s Alteration of Tariffs for 2019/2020 [Online] Available: https://www.portsregulator.org/doc/NPCC-Comment-FY2019_20-update-12_10_2018.pdf [Accessed: 20 January 2019].
Onis, Z. 1991. The logic of the developmental state. Comparative Politics 24 (1): 109–126.
Ports Regulator of South Africa. 2018. Global port pricing comparator study 2018–19. [Online] Available at: https://www.portsregulator.org/doc/Global-Pricing-Comparator-Study-2018_19.pdf [Accessed 23 August 2019].
Public Affairs Research Institute. 2018. Transnet inquiry reference book [Online] Available at: https://47zhcvti0ul2ftip9rxo9fj9-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Transnet-Inquiry-Report-V1-Final.pdf [Accessed 12 April 2019].
Radice, H. 2008. The developmental state under global neoliberalism. Third World Quarterly 29 (6): 1153–1174.
Roberts, S., and Z. Rustomjee. 2010. Industrial policy under democracy: apartheid’s grown-up infant industries? Iscor and Sasol. Transformation 71: 50–75.
Rosengren, K.E. 1981. Advances in Scandinavia content analysis: an introduction. In Advances in content analysis, ed. K.E. Rosengren, 9–19. Beverly Hills: Sage.
SAAFF. 2017. Comments: Transnet National Port Authority (TNPA) Tariff Application 2018/19 [Online] Available: https://www.portsregulator.org/images/documents/SAAFF-NPA-Tariff-Application-Comments-2018-19.pdf [Accessed: 20 January 2019].
SAASOA. 2018. Comment. [Online] Available at: https://www.portsregulator.org/doc/SASSOA-Comment-FY2019_20.pdf [Accessed: 20 January 2019].
Santos, A.M.P., J.P. Mendes, and C. Guedes Soares. 2016. A dynamic model for marginal cost pricing of port infrastructures. Maritime Policy & Management 43 (7): 812–829.
Sasol. 2018. Submission to the Ports Regulator of South Africa TNPA 2019–20 Tariff Application [Online] Available at: https://www.portsregulator.org/doc/Sasol-Comment-FY2019_20.pdf [Accessed: 20 January 2019].
Strandeness, S.P., and P.B. Marlow. 2000. Port pricing and competitiveness in short sea shipping. International Journal of Transport Economics / Rivista internazionale di economia dei trasporti 27 (3): 315–334.
TIPS. 2014. Review of regulation in the ports sector. [online] Available at: http://www.tips.org.za/files/ccred-edd-recbp_regulation_in_the_ports_sector_-_farr_levin.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2018].
TNPA. 2012. Transnet National Ports Authority Proposal for a new tariff structure, 12 September. [Online] Available at: https://www.portsregulator.org/images/documents/TNPA_Pricing_Strategy_September_12_2012.pdf [Accessed on 10 January 2020].
TNPA. 2019. Transent National Ports Authority Tariff Application FY 2020/21. [Online] Available at: https://www.portsregulator.org/doc/NPA-Tariff-Application-Roadshow-Presentation-2019.pdf [Accessed 27 August 2019].
Transnet. 2019. Transnet National Ports Authority Investor Relations 2019. Available at: https://www.transnet.net/InvestorRelations/AR2019/Transnet%20National%20Ports%20Authority.pdf. [Accessed 21 October 2019].
Wade, R. 1990. Governing the market: economic theory and the role of government in east Asian industrialization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Woo-Cumings, M., ed. 1999. The developmental state. Cornell: Cornell University Press.
World Bank. 2007. Port reform toolkit second edition. [Online] Available at: http://regulationbodyofknowledge.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/WorldBank_Port_Reform_Toolkit.pdf [Accessed: 12 July 2019].