Source terms and source strengths of the carbonaceous aerosol in the tropics

Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry - Tập 3 - Trang 469-489 - 1985
Hélène Cachier1, Patrick Buat-Menard1, Michel Fontugne1, Jacques Rancher2
1Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA, Centre des Faibles Radioactivités, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
2CEA, Paris Cédex 15, France

Tóm tắt

Atmospheric aerosol samples were collected in the Ivory Coast, primarily at Lamto (6°N, 5°W) between 1979 and 1981. The samples were analysed for total particulate carbon concentration and isotopic composition (13C/12C) by mass spectrometry. Observed concentrations were found high compared to values reported for temperate regions. Fine particulate carbon in the submicrometersize range accounted for 50 to 80% of the reported concentrations. At Lamto, both particulate carbon concentrations and isotopic ratios exhibit a large temporal variability which is shown to reflect the diversity of sources and their seasonal evolution. Natural emissions from the equatorial forest during the wet season, and biomass burning during the dry season, appear to be the major sources. The latter, though active during only a third of the year, is, on an annual basis, the most important source. Based on the data obtained at Lamto, an attempt has been made to estimate the flux of fine particulate carbon emitted from the tropical regions into the global troposphere. This flux, which is of the order of 20×1012 g C/yr, appears to be equivalent to the flux of fine particulate carbon emitted from industrial sources. These results suggest that the tropospheric burden of fine particulate carbon in lowlatitude regions is dominated by the long-range transport of carbonaceous aerosols originating from the Tropics.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Andreae M. O., 1983, Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: long-range transport of combustion derived aerosols, Science 220, 1148–1151.

Andreae M. O., Andreae T. W., Ferek R. J., and Raemdonck H., 1984, Long-range transport of soot carbon in the marine atmosphere. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 73–80.

Bertrand J., 1976, Visibilité et brume sèche en Afrique, La Metéorologie 6, 201–211.

Bolin B., Degens E. T., Kempe S., and Ketner P., 1982, The Global Carbon Cycle, Scope 13, Wiley, New York.

Chesselet R., Fontugne M., Buat-Ménard P., Ezat U., and Lambert C.E., 1981, The origin of particulate organic carbon in the marine atmosphere as indicated by its stable carbon isotopic composition, Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 345–347.

Chylek P., Ramaswamy V., and Srivastava V., 1984, Graphitic carbon content of aerosols, clouds and snow, and its climatic implications, Sci. Total Environ., 36, 117–120.

Clarke A. D., Weiss R. E., and Charlson R. J., 1984, Elemental carbon aerosols in the urban, rural, and remote-marine troposphere and in the stratosphere: inferences from light absorption data and consequences regarding radiative transfer, Sci. Total Environ, 36, 97–102.

Court, J. D., Goldsack, R. J., Ferrari, L. M., and Polach, H. A., The use of carbon isotopes in identifying urban air particulate sources, Clean Air, Feb 1981, 6–11.

Cox R. E., Mazurek M. A., and Simoneit B. R. T., 1982, Lipids in Harmattan aerosols of Nigeria, Nature 296, 848–849.

Cros, B., 1977, Contribution à l'étude des noyaux d'aitken en Afrique équatoriale française, PhD Thesis, Université de Toulouse.

Crozat G., Domergue J. L., Baudet J., and Bogui V., 1978, Influence des feux de brousse sur la composition chimique des aérosols atmosphériques en Afrique de l'Ouest, Atmos. Environ. 12, 1917–1920.

Crutzen P. J., Heidt L. E., Krasnec J. P., Pollock W. H., and Seiler W., 1979, Biomass burning as a source of atmospheric gases: CO, H2, N2O, NO, CH3Cl and COS, Nature 282, 253–256.

Dasch J. M., 1982, Particulate and gaseous emissions from wood-burning fireplaces, Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 639–645.

Delmas, R., 1980, Contribution à l'étude des fôrèts équatoriales comme sources naturelles de dérivés soufrés atmosphériques, PhD Thesis, Université de Toulouse.

Delmas R., and Servant J., 1983, Atmospheric balance of sulfur above an equatorial forest, Tellus 35B, 110–120.

Domergue, J. L., 1972, Identification et variation des concentrations de quelques éléments constitutifs des aérosols atmosphériques en zone intertropicale, Thèse de spécialité, Toulouse.

Duce R. A., 1978, Speculations on the budget of particulate and vapor phase non-methane organic carbon in the global troposphere, Pageoph 116, 244–273.

Duce R. A., et al., 1983, Organic material in the global troposphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 21, 921–952.

Duce R. A., and Duursma E. K., 1977, Inputs of organic matter to the ocean, Marine Chem. 5, 319–339.

Fontugne, M., 1983, Les isotopes stables du carbone organique dans l'océan; application à la paléo-climatologie, PhD Thesis, Université Paris 11.

Fritz P., and Fontes J. C., 1980, Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Gaffney J. S., Tanner R. L., and Phillips M., 1984, Separating carbonaceous aerosol source terms using thermal evolution, carbon isotopic measurements, and C/N/S determinations, Sci. Total Environ. 36, 53–60.

Gagosian R. B., Zafiriou O. C., Peltzer E. T., and Alford J. B., 1982, Lipids in aerosols from the tropical North Pacific: temporal variability, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 11133–11144.

Gleason J. D., and Kyser T. K., 1984, Stable isotope compositions of gases and vegetation near naturally burning coal, Nature 307, 254–257.

Graedel T. E., 1979, Terpenoids in the atmosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 17, 937–947.

Graedel T. E., and McRae J. E., 1982, Total organic component data: a study of urban atmospheric patterns and trends, Atmos. Environ. 16, 1119–1132.

Hahn, J., 1980, Organic constituents of natural aerosols, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 359–376.

Hansen A. D. A., and Rosen H., 1984, Vertical distributions of particulate carbon, sulfur, and bromine in the Artic haze and comparison with ground-level measurements at Barrow, Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 381–384.

Lamb S. I., Petrowski C., Kaplan I. R., and Simoneit B. R. T., 1980, Organic compounds in urban atmospheres: a review of distribution, collection and analysis, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 30, 1098–1115.

Lambert G. Polian G. Sanak J., Ardouin B., Buisson A., Jegou A., Le Roulley J. C., 1982, Cycle du radon et de ses descendants: application à l'étude des échanges troposphère-stratosphère, Ann. Geophys. 4, 497–531.

Lamotte, M., 1983, Structure et fonctionnement d'un écosystème de savane ivoirienne, Courrier du CNRS supp. 52, Paris, 71–79.

Leavitt S. W., and Long A., 1982, Evidence for 13C/12C fractionation between tree leaves and wood, Nature 298, 742–744.

Leavitt S. W., and Long A., 1984, Sampling strategy for stable carbon isotope analysis of tree rings in pine, Nature 311, 145–147.

Lepple F. K., and Brine C. J., 1976, Organic constituents in eolian dust and surface sediments from Northwest Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1141–1147.

Maley J., 1982, Dust, clouds, rain types, and climatic variations in tropical North Africa, Quatern. Res. 18, 1–16.

Marty J. C., and Saliot A., 1982, Aerosols in equatorial Atlantic air: n-alkanes concentrations and distributions as a function of particle size, Nature 298, 144–147.

Newel R. E., Kidson J. W., Vincent D. G., and Boer G. J., 1972, The General Circulation of the Tropical Atmosphere, vol. 1, MIT Press, Cambridge Mass, 258 pp.

Nissenbaum A., and Schallinger K. M., 1974, The distribution of the stable carbon isotopes in fractions of soil organic matter, Geoderma, 11, 137–145.

Ogren J. A., and Charlson R. J., 1983, Elemental carbon in the atmosphere: cycle and lifetime, Tellus 35B, 241–254.

O'Leary M. H., 1981, Carbon isotope fractionation in plants, Phytochemistry 20, 553–567.

Radke L. F., Stith J. L., Hegg D. A., and Hobbs P. V., 1978, Airborne studies of particles and gases from forest fires, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 28, 30–34.

Rahn K. A., and McCaffrey R. J., 1980, On the origin and transport of the winter Arctic aerosol, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 338, 486–503.

Rosen H., Novakov T., and Bodhaine B. A., 1981, Soot in the Arctic, Atmos. Environ. 15, 1371–1374.

Rosen H., Hansen A. D. A., and Novakov T., 1984, Role of graphitic carbon particles in radiative transfer in the Arctic haze, Sci. Total Environ. 36, 103–110.

Sackett W. M., 1964, The depositional history and isotopic organic composition of marine sediments, Marine Geology 2, 173–185.

Seiler W., and Crutzen P. J., 1980, Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning, Clim. Change 2, 207–247.

Shaw R. W., Crittenden A. L., Stevens R. K., Cronn D. R., and Titov V. S., 1983, Ambient concentrations of hydrocarbons from conifers in atmospheric gases and aerosol particles measured in Soviet Geogia, Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 389–395.

Simoneit B. R. T., and Mazurek M. A., 1982, Organic matter of the troposphere-II. Natural background of biogenic lipid matter in aerosols over the rural western United States, Atmos. Environ. 16, 2139–2159.

Simoneit B. R. T., 1984, Application of molecular marker analysis to reconcile sources of carbonaceous particulates in tropospheric aerosols, Sci. Total Environ. 36, 61–72.

Sloane C. S., 1984, Optical properties of aerosols of mixed composition, Atmos. Environ. 18, 871–878.

Tucker C. J., Townshed J. R., and Goff T. E., 1985, African land-cover classification using satellite data, Science 227, 369–375.

Went F. W., 1960, Organic matter in the atmosphere and its possible relation to petroleum formation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 46, 212–221.

Wolff G. T., Groblicki P. J., Cadle S. H., and Countess R. J., 1982, Particulate carbon at various locations in the United States, 297–315, in Wolff and Klimisch (eds.) Particulate Carbon Atmospheric Life Cycle, Plenum, New York.

Zenchelsky S., and Youssefi M., 1979, Natural organic atmospheric aerosols of terrestrial origin, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 17, 459–464.

Zimmerman P. R., Chatfield R. B., Fishman J., Crutzen P. J., and Hanst P. L., 1978, Estimates on the production of CO and H2 from the oxidation of hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation, Geophys. Res. Lett. 5, 679–682.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry

Tập 3

469-489

Thông tin tác giả