Social-Psychological Interventions in Education

Review of Educational Research - Tập 81 Số 2 - Trang 267-301 - 2011
David S. Yeager1,2, Gregory M. Walton2
1Psychology
2Stanford University

Tóm tắt

Recent randomized experiments have found that seemingly “small” social-psychological interventions in education—that is, brief exercises that target students’ thoughts, feelings, and beliefs in and about school—can lead to large gains in student achievement and sharply reduce achievement gaps even months and years later. These interventions do not teach students academic content but instead target students’ psychology, such as their beliefs that they have the potential to improve their intelligence or that they belong and are valued in school. When social-psychological interventions have lasting effects, it can seem surprising and even “magical,” leading people either to think of them as quick fixes to complicated problems or to consider them unworthy of serious consideration. The present article discourages both responses. It reviews the theoretical basis of several prominent social-psychological interventions and emphasizes that they have lasting effects because they target students’ subjective experiences in school, because they use persuasive yet stealthy methods for conveying psychological ideas, and because they tap into recursive processes present in educational environments. By understanding psychological interventions as powerful but context-dependent tools, educational researchers will be better equipped to take them to scale. This review concludes by discussing challenges to scaling psychological interventions and how these challenges may be overcome.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aaronovitch D. (2010, January 23). In a world of hi-tech medicine and machinery, the best safeguard is the low-tech checklist. The Times. Retrieved from http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/book_reviews/article6995508.ece

10.1037/h0088188

Aronson E., 1978, The jigsaw classroom

10.1006/jesp.2001.1491

10.1016/0022-1031(85)90012-5

10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x

Bransford J., 1999, How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, school

10.4159/9780674028845

10.1177/003172170909000815

Bryk A. S., Frontiers of social science research

Bryk A. S., 2002, Trust in schools: A core resource for improvement

Bryk A. S., 2010, Organizing schools for improvement: Lessons from Chicago

Charles A. Dana Center. (2008). Summary of results from the 2008 evaluation conducted on academic youth development: Improving achievement by shaping the culture of algebra classrooms. Retrieved from http://www.utdanacenter.org/academicyouth/downloads/implementation/12–ayd-evaluation-results.pdf

10.1007/s10956-009-9180-4

Checkley K., 2008, The essentials of social studies, grades K–8: Effective curriculum, instruction, and assessment

10.1111/1467-8721.01242

10.1126/science.1128317

10.1126/science.1170769

Cook J., Presentation at the biennial meeting for the Society for Research in Child Development

10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.00272.x

10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02309.x

Donovan M. S., 2003, Strategic education research partnership

1931, Oakland Tribune, B5

Duckworth A. L., Educational Psychology

10.1002/sce.3730750606

Dweck C. S., 2006, Mindset

10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256

10.1515/9781503620766

10.4324/9780203986561

Garcia J., Behavioral foundations of policy

Garet M., Wayne A., Stancavage F., Taylor J., Walters K., Song M., Doolittle F. (2010). Middle School Mathematics Professional Development Impact Study: Findings after the first year of implementation (NCEE 2010–4010). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/20104009/pdf/20104010.pdf

Gawande A., 2009, The checklist manifesto: How to get things right

10.1007/s10648-010-9138-3

Glazerman S., Isenberg E., Dolfin S., Bleeker M., Johnson A., Grider M., Jacobus M. (2010). Impacts of comprehensive teacher induction: Final results from a randomized controlled study (NCEE 2010 4028). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/20104027/pdf/20104027.pdf

Godes O., Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association

10.1086/586910

10.1016/j.appdev.2003.09.002

10.1037/0003-066X.35.7.603

Haessler J., 1973, Mountain Democrat

10.2307/2673253

10.1056/NEJMsa0810119

10.1007/978-1-4020-9628-0_6

10.2307/1131441

10.1080/19345740802539325

10.1126/science.1177067

James-Burdumy S., Deke J., Lugo-Gil J., Carey N., Hershey A., Gersten R., Faddis B. (2010). Effectiveness of selected supplemental reading comprehension interventions: Findings from two student cohorts (NCEE 2010–4016). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/20104015/pdf/20104016.pdf

10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.015

10.1207/s15327957pspr0902_3

10.1037/h0034225

Kuhn T. S., 1979, Metaphor and thought, 2, 403

10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.011

10.3102/0013189X027008004

10.1037/0022-3514.34.2.191

Lewin K., 1952, Readings in social psychology, 2, 330

Logel C., Cohen G. L. (2011). The role of the self in physical health: Testing the effect of a values affirmation intervention on weight loss. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.232

10.1016/j.jesp.2005.04.010

10.1037/0003-066X.33.3.284

10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.896

Miller D. T., Behavioral foundations of policy

10.1126/science.1195996

10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.192

10.1037/a0018478

10.3102/0013189X10393501

10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.33

National Writing Project. (2010). Research brief no. 2. Retrieved from http://www.nwp.org/cs/public/download/nwp_file/14004/FINAL_2010_Research_Brief.pdf?x-r=pcfile_d

10.1177/0146167207312960

10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.188

10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1080

10.1037/a0011989

10.1177/0146167210379868

10.3102/0162373709352530

Pennebaker J. W., 1997, Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotion

10.1037/0021-843X.95.3.274

10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.318

10.1126/science.1199427

10.1037/0022-0663.76.1.85

10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001003

10.3758/BF03194060

Robinson T. N., Obesity prevention: The role of brain and society on individual behavior

10.1037/0022-3514.35.12.897

Romero C., Poster presented at the biennial meeting for the Society for Research in Child Development

Ross L., 1991, The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology

10.1073/pnas.1002815107

10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336

10.1037/0022-3514.36.11.1194

10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195

10.1207/s1532690xci2202_1

Scott J. C., 1998, Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed

10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38004-5

10.1037/a0015451

Sherman D. K., 2011, The Handbook of Self-Enhancement and Self-Protection, 128

Sherman D. K., Hartson K. A., Binning K. R., Purdie-Vaughns V., Garcia J., Taborsky-Barba S., Tomassetti S., Nussbaum A. D., Cohen G. L. (2011). Self-affirmation, identity threat, and academic performance: Understanding the effects of a social psychological intervention. Manuscript in preparation.

Somers M.A., Corrin W., Sepanik S., Salinger T., Levin J., Zmach C. (2010). The Enhanced Reading Opportunities Study final report: The impact of supplemental literacy courses for struggling ninth-grade readers (NCEE 2010–4022). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/pubs/20104021/pdf/20104021.pdf

Steele C., 2010, Whistling Vivaldi: And other clues how stereotypes affect us

10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4

10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613

10.1016/S0065-2601(02)80009-0

10.1037/h0029835

Szalavitz M. (2009, January 14). Study: A simple surgery checklist saves lives. Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1871759,00.html

Taylor V. J., Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Thibodeau P. H., Boroditsky L. (2011). Metaphors we think with: The role of metaphor in reasoning. PLoS ONE, 6(2), e16782. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.com

10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02478.x

Tyack D. B., 1995, Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform

10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.246

10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.82

10.1126/science.1198364

Walton G. M., Cohen G. L., Garcia J., Apfel N., Master A. (2011). A brief intervention to buttress middle school students’ sense of social-belonging: Effects by race and gender. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01098.x

Walton G. M., Logel C., Peach J., Spencer S. (2011). Two interventions to boost women’s achievement in engineering: Social-belonging and self-affirmation-training. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02417.x

10.1007/978-1-4612-4948-1

10.1126/science.1133017

10.1016/B978-012064455-1/50008-7

10.1037/0022-3514.42.2.367

10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.287

10.3102/0013189X016009028

Yeager D. S., Trzesniewski K., Dweck C. S. (2011). An implicit theories intervention changes aggressive and prosocial responses to peer exclusion and victimization among high school students. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.