Small Effects: The Indispensable Foundation for a Cumulative Psychological Science
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abelson R. P. (1985). A variance explanation paradox: When a little is a lot. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.1.129
Adjerid I., Kelley K. (2018). Big data in psychology: A framework for research advancement. American Psychologist, 73, 899–917. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000190
Ahadi S., Diener E. (1989). Multiple determinants and effect size. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.398
Altshuler D., Daly M. J., Lander E. S. (2008). Genetic mapping in human disease. Science, 322, 881–888. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156409
Anderson C. A., Boucher G., Lees C. W., Franke A., D’Amato M., Taylor K. D., Lagacé C. (2011). Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47. Nature Genetics, 43, 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.764
Anvari F., Lakens D. (2019). Using anchor-based methods to determine the smallest effect size of interest. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/syp5a
Blanton H., Jaccard J. (2006). Arbitrary metrics in psychology. American Psychologist, 61, 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.61.1.27
Bleidorn W., Hill P. L., Back M. D., Denissen J. J. A., Hennecke M., Hopwood C. J., Jokela M., Kandler C., Lucas R. E., Luhmann M., Orth U., Wagner J., Wrzus C., Zimmermann J., Roberts B. (2019). The policy relevance of personality traits. American Psychologist, 74(9), 1056–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000503
Bleidorn W., Hopwood C. J. (2019). Using machine learning to advance personality assessment and theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23, 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318772990
Bleidorn W., Hopwood C. J., Lucas R. E. (2016). Life events and personality trait change. Journal of Personality, 86, 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12286
Bleidorn W., Kandler C., Hülsheger U. R., Riemann R., Angleitner A., Spinath F. M. (2010). Nature and nurture of the interplay between personality traits and major life goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 366–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019982
Bond R. M., Fariss C. J., Jones J. J., Kramer A. D. I., Marlow C., Settle J. E., Fowler J. H. (2012). A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 489, 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421
Bosco F. A., Aguinis H., Singh K., Field J. G., Pierce C. A. (2015). Correlational effect size benchmarks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038047
Bouchard T. J. (2004). Genetic influence on human psychological traits. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00295.x
Boyle E. A., Li Y. I., Pritchard J. K. (2017). An expanded view of complex traits: From polygenic to omnigenic. Cell, 169, 1177–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.038
Buss D. M. (2009). How can evolutionary psychology successfully explain personality and individual differences? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01138.x
Button K. S., Ioannidis J. P. A., Mokrysz C., Nosek B. A., Flint J., Robinson E. S. J., Munafò M. R. (2013). Power failure: Why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14, 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3475
Button K. S., Kounali D., Thomas L., Wiles N. J., Peters T. J., Welton N. J., Ades A. E., Lewis G. (2015). Minimal clinically important difference on the Beck Depression Inventory–II according to the patient’s perspective. Psychological Medicine, 45, 3269–3279. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001270
Bycroft C., Freeman C., Petkova D., Band G., Elliott L. T., Sharp K., Motyer A., Vukcevic D., Delaneau O., O’Connell J., Cortes A., Welsh S., Young A., Effingham M., McVean G., Leslie S., Allen N., Donnelly P., Marchini J. (2018). The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature, 562, 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0579-z
Camerer C. F., Dreber A., Forsell E., Ho T.H., Huber J., Johannesson M., Kirchler M., Almenberg J., Altmejd A., Chan T., Heikensten E., Holzmeister F., Imai T., Isaksson S., Nave G., Pfeiffer T., Razen M., Wu H. (2016). Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics. Science, 351, 1433–1436. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf0918
Camerer C. F., Dreber A., Holzmeister F., Ho T.H., Huber J., Johannesson M., Kirchler M., Nave G., Nosek B. A., Pfeiffer T., Altmejd A., Buttrick N., Chan T., Chen Y., Forsell E., Gampa A., Heikensten E., Hummer L., Imai T. Wu H. (2018). Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0399-z
Chabris C. F., Lee J. J., Cesarini D., Benjamin D. J., Laibson D. I. (2015). The fourth law of behavior genetics. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415580430
Chambers C. (2019). What’s next for registered reports? Nature, 573, 187–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02674-6
Chartier C. R., Riegelman A., McCarthy R. J. (2018). StudySwap: A platform for interlab replication, collaboration, and resource exchange. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1, 574–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918808767
Chen E. E., Wojcik S. P. (2016). A practical guide to big data research in psychology. Psychological Methods, 21, 458–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000111
Church T. A. (2010). Current perspectives in the study of personality across cultures. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610375559
Cohen J., 1988, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2
Cook P. J., Dodge K., Farkas G., Fryer R. G., Guryan J., Ludwig J., Mayer S. (2015). Not too late: Improving academic outcomes for disadvantaged youth (Working paper WP-15-01). Institute for Policy Research Northwestern University.
De Boeck P., Jeon M. (2018). Perceived crisis and reforms: Issues, explanations, and remedies. Psychological Bulletin, 144, 757–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000154
Donnelly P. (2008). Progress and challenges in genome-wide association studies in humans. Nature, 456, 728–731. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07631
Duncan G. J., Magnuson K. (2007). Penny wise and effect size foolish. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00009.x
Eisenberg N., Duckworth A. L., Spinrad T. L., Valiente C. (2014). Conscientiousness: Origins in childhood? Developmental Psychology, 50, 1331–1349. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030977
Fanelli D., Costas R., Ioannidis J. P. A. (2017). Meta-assessment of bias in science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 114, 3714–3719. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618569114
Fischer R., Lee A., Verzijden M. N. (2018). Dopamine genes are linked to extraversion and neuroticism personality traits, but only in demanding climates. Scientific Reports, 8, Article 1733. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18784-y
Frisvold D. E. (2015). Nutrition and cognitive achievement: An evaluation of the School Breakfast Program. Journal of Public Economics, 124, 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.12.003
Funder D. C., Levine J. M., Mackie D. M., Morf C. C., Sansone C., Vazire S., West S. G. (2014). Improving the dependability of research in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868313507536
Funder D. C., Ozer D. J. (2019). Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2, 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919847202
Furnham A., Cheng H. (2018). Early predictors of trait extraversion in adulthood: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.026
Garretsen H., Stoker J. I., Soudis D., Martin R. L., Rentfrow P. J. (2018). Brexit and the relevance of regional personality traits: More psychological openness could have swung the regional vote. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11, 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx031
Gelman A., Carlin J. (2014). Beyond power calculations: Assessing type s (sign) and type m (magnitude) errors. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 641–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614551642
Gignac G. E., Szodorai E. T. (2016). Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.069
Gladstone J. J., Matz S. C., Lemaire A. (2019). Can psychological traits be inferred from spending? Evidence from transaction data. Psychological Science, 30, 1087–1096. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619849435
Götz F. M., Gvirtz A., Galinsky A. D., Jachimowicz J. M. (2021). How personality and policy predict pandemic behavior: Understanding sheltering-in-place in 55 countries at the onset of COVID-19. American Psychologist, 76(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000740
Götz F. M., Stieger S., Gosling S. D., Potter J., Rentfrow P. J. (2020). Physical topography is associated with human personality. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0930-x
Götz F. M., Yoshino S., Oshio A. (2020). The association between walkability and personality: Evidence from a large socioecological study in Japan. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 69, Article 101438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101438
Grand J. A., Rogelberg S. G., Banks G. C., Landis R. S., Tonidandel S. (2018). From outcome to process focus: Fostering a more robust psychological science through registered reports and results-blind reviewing. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13, 448–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618767883
Greenwald A. G., Banaji M. R., Nosek B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000016
Harari G. M., Lane N. D., Wang R., Crosier B. S., Campbell A. T., Gosling S. D. (2016). Using smartphones to collect behavioral data in psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 838–854. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616650285
Hardwicke T. E., Ioannidis J. P. (2018). Mapping the universe of registered reports. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 793–796. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0444-y
Harris D. N. (2009). Toward policy-relevant benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes: Combining effects with costs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31, 3–29. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373708327524
Hill C. J., Bloom H. S., Black A. R., Lipsey M. W. (2008). Empirical benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes in research. Child Development Perspectives, 2, 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00061.x
Hindorff L. A., Sethupathy P., Junkins H. A., Ramos E. M., Mehta J. P., Collins F. S., Manolio T. A. (2009). Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 9362–9367. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903103106
Hoffman L. W. (1991). The influence of the family environment on personality: Accounting for sibling differences. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.187
Hufer A., Kornadt A. E., Kandler C., Riemann R. (2020). Genetic and environmental variation in political orientation in adolescence and early adulthood: A nuclear twin family analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118, 762–776. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000258
Hutteman R., Nestler S., Wagner J., Egloff B., Back M. D. (2015). Wherever I may roam: Processes of self-esteem development from adolescence to emerging adulthood in the context of international student exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 767–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000015
Jokela M. (2020). Selective residential mobility and social influence in the emergence of neighborhood personality differences: Longitudinal data from Australia. Journal of Research in Personality, 86, Article 103953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103953
Jokela M., Bleidorn W., Lamb M. E., Gosling S. D., Rentfrow P. J. (2015). Geographically varying associations between personality and life satisfaction in the London metropolitan area. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 112, 725–730. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415800112
Kazdin A. E. (1999). The meanings and measurement of clinical significance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 332–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.67.3.332
Kerr N. L. (1998). HARKing: Hypothesizing after the results are known. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 196–217. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0203_4
Kitayama S., Conway L. G., Pietromonaco P. R., Park H., Plaut V. C. (2010). Ethos of independence across regions in the United States: The production-adoption model of cultural change. American Psychologist, 65, 559–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020277
Klein R. A., Vianello M., Hasselman F., Adams B. G., Adams R. B.Jr., Alper S., Aveyard M., Axt J. R., Babalola M. T., Bahník S., Batra R., Berkics M., Bernstein M. J., Berry D. R., Bialobrzeska O., Binan E. D., Bocian K., Brandt M. J., Busching R. Nosek B. A. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating variation in replicability across samples and settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1, 443–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225
Kosinski M., Matz S. C., Gosling S. D., Popov V., Stillwell D. (2015). Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines. American Psychologist, 70, 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039210
Kraft M. A. (2020). Interpreting effect sizes of education interventions. Educational Researcher, 49, 241–253. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x20912798
Kramer A. D. I., Guillory J. E., Hancock J. T. (2014). Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 111, 8788–8790. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
Krapohl E., Rimfeld K., Shakeshaft N. G., Trzaskowski M., McMillan A., Pingault J.B., Asbury K., Harlaar N., Kovas Y., Dale P. S., Plomin R. (2014). The high heritability of educational achievement reflects many genetically influenced traits, not just intelligence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 111, 15273–15278. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408777111
Krauss S., Orth U., Robins R. W. (2020). Family environment and self-esteem development: A longitudinal study from age 10 to 16. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119, 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000263
Lakens D. (2019). The value of preregistration for psychological science: A conceptual analysis. Japanese Psychology Review, 62, 272–280. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jbh4w
Lee J. J., Wedow R., Okbay A., Kong E., Maghzian O., Zacher M., Nguyen-Viet T. A., Bowers P., Sidorenko J., Karlsson Linnér R., Fontana M. A., Kundu T., Lee C., Li H., Li R., Royer R., Timshel P. N., Walters R. K., Willoughby E. A. Cesarini D. (2018). Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nature Genetics, 50, 1112–1121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3
Levin H. M., Belfield C. (2015). Guiding the development and use of cost-effectiveness analysis in education. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 8, 400–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2014.915604
Lindsay D. S. (2020). Seven steps toward transparency and replicability in psychological science. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 61, 310–317. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000222
Liu M., Jiang Y., Wedow R., Li Y., Brazel D. M., Chen F., Datta G., Davila-Velderrain J., McGuire D., Tian C., Zhan X., Choquet H., Docherty A. R., Faul J. D., Foerster J. R., Fritsche L. G., Gabrielsen M. E., Gordon S. D., Haessler J. Tian C. (2019). Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nature Genetics, 51, 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0307-5
Lu J. G., Quoidbach J., Gino F., Chakroff A., Maddux W. W., Galinsky A. D. (2017). The dark side of going abroad: How broad foreign experiences increase immoral behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000068
Ludwig J., Duncan G. J., Gennetian L. A., Katz L. F., Kessler R. C., Kling J. R., Sanbonmatsu L. (2012). Neighborhood effects on the long-term well-being of low-income adults. Science, 337, 1505–1510. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224648
Luhmann M., Hofmann W., Eid M., Lucas R. E. (2012). Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 592–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025948
Mackay T. F. C., Stone E. A., Ayroles J. F. (2009). The genetics of quantitative traits: Challenges and prospects. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10, 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2612
Matz S. C., Gladstone J. J., Stillwell D. (2016). Money buys happiness when spending fits our personality. Psychological Science, 27, 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616635200
Matz S. C., Gladstone J. J., Stillwell D. (2017). In a world of big data, small effects can still matter: A reply to Boyce, Daly, Hounkpatin, and Wood (2017). Psychological Science, 28, 547–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617697445
Matz S. C., Kosinski M., Nave G., Stillwell D. J. (2017). Psychological targeting as an effective approach to digital mass persuasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 114, 12714–12719. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710966114
McCrae R. R., Costa P. T., Ostendorf F., Angleitner A., Hřebíčková M., Avia M. D., Sanz J., Sánchez-Bernardos M. L., Kusdil M. E., Woodfield R., Saunders P. R., Smith P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173
Meyer G. J., Finn S. E., Eyde L. D., Kay G. G., Moreland K. L., Dies R. R., Eisman E. J., Kubiszyn T. W., Reed G. M. (2001). Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American Psychologist, 56, 128–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.2.128
Miller D. I. (2019). When do growth mindset interventions work? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23, 910–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.08.005
Moshontz H., Campbell L., Ebersole C. R., IJzerman H., Urry H. L., Forscher P. S., Grahe J. E., McCarth R. J., Musser E. D., Atfolk J., Castille C. M., Evans R. R., Fiedler S., Flake J. K., Forero D. A., Janssen S. M. J., Keene J. R., Protzko J., Aczel B., Chartier C. R. (2018). The psychological science accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1, 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918797607
Mõttus R., Kandler C., Bleidorn W., Riemann R., McCrae R. R. (2017). Personality traits below facets: The consensual validity, longitudinal stability, heritability, and utility of personality nuances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112, 474–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000100
Munafò M. R., Nosek B. A., Bishop D. V. M., Button K. S., Chambers C. D., Percie du, Sert N., Simonsohn U., Wagenmakers E.J., Ware J. J., Ioannidis J. P. A. (2017). A manifesto for reproducible science. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, Article 0021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-016-0021
Murray S. L., Lamarche V., Seery M. D., Jung H. Y., Griffin D. W., Brinkman C. (2021). The social-safety system: Fortifying relationships in the face of the unforeseeable. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(1), 99–130. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000245
Nelson L. D., Simmons J., Simonsohn U. (2018). Psychology’s renaissance. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 511–534. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011836
Noftle E. E., Robins R. W. (2007). Personality predictors of academic outcomes: Big five correlates of GPA and SAT scores. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.116
Nosek B. A., Ebersole C. R., DeHaven A. C., Mellor D. T. (2018). The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 115, 2600–2606. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114
Nosek B. A., Lakens D. (2014). Registered reports: A method to increase the credibility of published results. Social Psychology, 45, 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000192
Nosek B. A., Spies J. R., Motyl M. (2012). Scientific utopia: II. Restructuring incentives and practices to promote truth over publishability. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 615–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612459058
Obschonka M., Stuetzer M., Rentfrow P. J., Shaw-Taylor L., Satchell M., Silbereisen R. K., Potter J., Gosling S. D. (2018). In the shadow of coal: How large-scale industries contributed to present-day regional differences in personality and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115, 903–927. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000175
Ofosu E. K., Chambers M. K., Chen J. M., Hehman E. (2019). Same-sex marriage legalization associated with reduced implicit and explicit antigay bias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 116, 8846–8851. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806000116
Okbay A., Baselmans B. M., De Neve J. E., Turley P., Nivard M. G., Fontana M. A., Meddens S. F. W., Linnér R. K., Rietveld C. A., Derringer J., Gratten J., Lee J. J., Liu J. Z., de Vlaming R., Ahulawalia T. S., Buchwald J., Cavadino A., Frazier-Wood A. C., Furlotte N. A. Gratten J. (2016). Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses. Nature Genetics, 48, 624–633. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3552
Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349, Article aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716
Orth U. (2018). The family environment in early childhood has a long-term effect on self-esteem: A longitudinal study from birth to age 27 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114, 637–655. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000143
Ozer D. J., Benet-Martínez V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401–421. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127
Paluck E. L. (2009). Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 574–587. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0011989
Plomin R. (1999). Genetics and general cognitive ability. Nature, 402, C25–C29. https://doi.org/10.1038/35011520
Plomin R., Owen M., McGuffin P. (1994). The genetic basis of complex human behaviors. Science, 264, 1733–1739. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8209254
Polderman T. J. C., Benyamin B., de Leeuw C. A., Sullivan P. F., van Bochoven A., Visscher P. M., Posthuma D. (2015). Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies. Nature Genetics, 47, 702–709. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3285
Prentice D. A., Miller D. T. (1992). When small effects are impressive. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.160
Revelle W. (1995). Personality processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 295–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001455
Richard F. D., Bond C. F., Stokes-Zoota J. J. (2003). One hundred years of social psychology quantitatively described. Review of General Psychology, 7, 331–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.4.331
Roberts B. W., Kuncel N. R., Shiner R., Caspi A., Goldberg L. R. (2007). The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x
Robertson A. A., Grimes P. W., Rogers K. E. (2001). A short-run cost-benefit analysis of community-based interventions for juvenile offenders. Crime & Delinquency, 47, 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128701047002006
Rosenthal R. (1990). How are we doing in soft psychology? American Psychologist, 45, 775–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.45.6.775
Rosenthal R., DiMatteo M. R. (2001). Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59
Rosnow R. L., Rosenthal R. (2003). Effect sizes for experimenting psychologists. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 57, 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087427
Rothbart M. K., Ahadi S. A., Evans D. E. (2000). Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122
Sawaoka T., Monin B. (2018). The paradox of viral outrage. Psychological Science, 29, 1665–1678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618780658
Schäfer T., Schwarz M. A. (2019). The meaningfulness of effect sizes in psychological research: Differences between sub-disciplines and the impact of potential biases. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00813
Schooler J. (2011). Unpublished results hide the decline effect. Nature, 470, Article 437. https://doi.org/10.1038/470437a
Shrout P. E., Rodgers J. L. (2018). Psychology, science, and knowledge construction: Broadening perspectives from the replication crisis. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011845
Sisk V. F., Burgoyne A. P., Sun J., Butler J. L., Macnamara B. N. (2018). To what extent and under which circumstances are growth mind-sets important to academic achievement? Two meta-analyses. Psychological Science, 29, 549–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617739704
Smith-Woolley E., Selzam S., Plomin R. (2019). Polygenic score for educational attainment captures DNA variants shared between personality traits and educational achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117, 1145–1163. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000241
Son H.Y., Hwangbo Y., Yoo S.K., Im S.W., Yang S. D., Kwak S.J., Park M. S., Kwak S. H., Cho S. W., Ryu J. S., Kim J., Jung Y.S., Kim T. H., Kim S.j., Lee K. E., Park D. J., Cho N. H., Sung J., Seo J.S. Kim J.I. (2017). Genome-wide association and expression quantitative trait loci studies identify multiple susceptibility loci for thyroid cancer. Nature Communications, 8, Article 15966. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15966
Soto C. J. (2019). How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The life outcomes of personality replication project. Psychological Science, 30, 711–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619831612
Specht J., Egloff B., Schmukle S. C. (2011). Stability and change of personality across the life course: The impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 862–882. https://doi.org/10.1037/a002495
Spellman B. A. (2015). A short (personal) future history of revolution 2.0. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 886–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615609918
Steering Committee of the Physician’s Health Study Research Group. (1988). Preliminary report: Findings from the aspirin component of the ongoing physicians’ health study. New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 262–264. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198801283180431
Sun B. B., Maranville J. C., Peters J. E., Stacey D., Staley J. R., Blackshaw J., Burgess S., Jiang T., Paige E., Surendran P., Oliver-Williams C., Kamat M. A., Prins B. P., Wilcox S. K., Zimmerman E. S., Chi A., Bansal N., Spain S. L., Wood A. M. Butterworth A. S. (2018). Genomic atlas of the human plasma proteome. Nature, 558, 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0175-2
Sutin A. R., Luchetti M., Stephan Y., Robins R. W., Terracciano A. (2017). Parental educational attainment and adult offspring personality: An intergenerational life span approach to the origin of adult personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 144–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000137
Szucs D., Ioannidis J. P. A. (2017). Empirical assessment of published effect sizes and power in the recent cognitive neuroscience and psychology literature. PLOS Biology, 15, Article e2000797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2000797
Tajfel H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1170-96
Talhelm T., Zhang X., Oishi S., Shimin C., Duan D., Lan X., Kitayama S. (2014). Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344, 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246850
Tankard M. E., Paluck E. L. (2017). The effect of a supreme court decision regarding gay marriage on social norms and personal attitudes. Psychological Science, 28, 1334–1344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617709594
Turkheimer E., Pettersson E., Horn E. E. (2014). A phenotypic null hypothesis for the genetics of personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 515–540. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143752
Uhlmann E. L., Ebersole C., Chartier C., Errington T., Kidwell M., Lai C. K., McCarthy R., Riegelman A., Silberzahn R., Nosek B. A. (2019). Scientific utopia III: Crowdsourcing science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 711–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850561
Uskul A. K., Kitayama S., Nisbett R. E. (2008). Ecocultural basis of cognition: Farmers and fishermen are more holistic than herders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105, 8552–8556. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803874105
Van de Vliert E., Van Lange P. A. M. (2019). Latitudinal psychology: An ecological perspective on creativity, aggression, happiness, and beyond. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 860–884. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619858067
Visscher P. M., Wray N. R., Zhang Q., Sklar P., McCarthy M. I., Brown M. A., Yang J. (2017). 10 years of GWAS discovery: Biology, function, and translation. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 101, 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.005
Wagenmakers E.J., Wetzels R., Borsboom D., van der Maas H. L. J., Kievit R. A. (2012). An agenda for purely confirmatory research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 632–638. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612463078
Weedon M. N., Lango H., Lindgren C. M., Wallace C., Evans D. M., Mangino M., Freathy R. M., Perry J. R. B., Stevens S., Hall A. S., Samani N. J., Shields B., Prokopenko I., Farrall M., Dominiczak A., Johnson T., Bergmann S., Beckmann J. S., Vollenweider P. Frayling T. M. (2008). Genome-wide association analysis identifies 20 loci that influence adult height. Nature Genetics, 40, 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.121
Wei W., Lu J. G., Galinsky A. D., Wu H., Gosling S. D., Rentfrow P. J., Yuan W., Zhang Q., Guo Y., Zhang M., Gui W., Guo X.Y., Potter J., Wang J., Li B., Li X., Han Y.M., Lv M., Guo X.Q. Wang L. (2017). Regional ambient temperature is associated with human personality. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 890–895. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0240-0
Weston S. J., Gladstone J. J., Graham E. K., Mroczek D. K., Condon D. M. (2018). Who are the scrooges? Personality predictors of holiday spending. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10, 775–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618792883
Wicherts J. M., Veldkamp C. L. S., Augusteijn H. E. M., Bakker M., van Aert R. C. M., van Assen M. A. L. M. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832
Yarkoni T., Westfall J. (2017). Choosing prediction over explanation in psychology: Lessons from machine learning. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 1100–1122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617693393
Yeager D. S., Hanselman P., Walton G. M., Murray J. S., Crosnoe R., Muller C., Tipton E., Schneider B., Hulleman C. S., Hinojosa C. P., Paunesku D., Romero C., Flint K., Roberts A., Trott J., Iachan R., Buontempo J., Yang S. M., Carvalho C. M. Dweck C. S. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement. Nature, 573, 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y