Shortfalls and Solutions for Meeting National and Global Conservation Area Targets

Conservation Letters - Tập 8 Số 5 - Trang 329-337 - 2015
Stuart H. M. Butchart1, M. F. Clarke1, Robert J. Smith2, Rachel Sykes2, Jörn P. W. Scharlemann3, Mike Harfoot4,5, Graeme M. Buchanan6, Ariadne Angulo7, Andrew Balmford8, Bastian Bertzky9,5, Thomas M. Brooks7,10,10, Kent E. Carpenter11, Mia T. Comeros‐Raynal11, John Cornell1, Gentile Francesco Ficetola12, Lincoln Fishpool1, Richard A. Fuller13, Jonas Geldmann14, Heather Harwell15,11, Craig Hilton‐Taylor16, Michael Hoffmann7,5, Ackbar Joolia16, Lucas Joppa4, Naomi Kingston5, Ian May1, Amy Milam5, Beth Polidoro11,17, Gina M. Ralph11, Nadia I. Richman18, Carlo Rondinini19, Daniel B. Segan20,21, Benjamin Skolnik22, Mark Spalding23, Simon N. Stuart24,25,7,5, Andy Symes1, Joseph Taylor1, Piero Visconti4, James E. M. Watson20,21, Louisa E. Wood26,5, Neil D. Burgess14,5
1BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK
2Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
3School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
4Microsoft Research Computational Science Laboratory, 21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 FB UK
5United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
6RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB Scotland, 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh EH12 9DH, UK
7International Union for Conservation of Nature, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland
8Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
9European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
10School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
11IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529 USA
12Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) Université Grenoble‐Alpes F‐38000 Grenoble France
13School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
14Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen E, Denmark
15Department of Organismal and Environmental Biology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, 23606 USA
16International Union for Conservation of Nature, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB30DL UK
17New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85069, USA
18Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY UK
19Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome Viale dell'Università 32 00185 Roma Italy
20Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460 USA
21School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
22American Bird Conservancy, P.O. Box 249, 4249 Loudoun Avenue, The Plains, VA, 20198-2237 USA
23The Nature Conservancy and Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
24Al Ain Zoo, P.O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
25Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
26Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK

Tóm tắt

Abstract

Governments have committed to conserving ≥17% of terrestrial and ≥10% of marine environments globally, especially “areas of particular importance for biodiversity” through “ecologically representative” Protected Area (PA) systems or other “area‐based conservation measures”, while individual countries have committed to conserve 3–50% of their land area. We estimate that PAs currently cover 14.6% of terrestrial and 2.8% of marine extent, but 59–68% of ecoregions, 77–78% of important sites for biodiversity, and 57% of 25,380 species have inadequate coverage. The existing 19.7 million km2 terrestrial PA network needs only 3.3 million km2 to be added to achieve 17% terrestrial coverage. However, it would require nearly doubling to achieve, cost‐efficiently, coverage targets for all countries, ecoregions, important sites, and species. Poorer countries have the largest relative shortfalls. Such extensive and rapid expansion of formal PAs is unlikely to be achievable. Greater focus is therefore needed on alternative approaches, including community‐ and privately managed sites and other effective area‐based conservation measures.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ball I.R., 2009, Spatial conservation prioritisation: quantitative methods and computational tools

10.1371/journal.pone.0032529

10.1126/science.1187512

10.1007/s10531-013-0467-7

CBD.(2004).COP Decision VII/30. Strategic Plan: future evaluation of progress. Available at:http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7767. Accessed 8 December 2014.

CBD.(2010).COP Decision X/2. Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011–2020. Available at:http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=12268. Accessed 1 October 2013.

CBD., 2014, Global biodiversity outlook‐4

Chape S., 2008, The World's protected areas: status, values, and prospects in the twenty‐first century

CIESIN, Columbia University, International Food Policy Research Institute, The World Bank & Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical., 2011, Global rural‐urban mapping project, version 1 (GRUMPv1): population density grid

10.2305/IUCN.CH.2013.PARKS-19-1.LC.en

10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01201.x

10.1002/aqc.2358

10.1016/j.marpol.2013.12.002

10.1071/PC010304

10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.018

Govan H., 2009, Status and potential of locally‐managed marine areas in the Paciifc Island region: meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood targets through wide‐spread implementation of LMMAs

10.1073/pnas.0704469104

ICCA Registry.(2014).Global indigenous and community conservation areas registry website. Available at:http://www.icccaregistery.org. Accessed 1 June 2014.

IUCN.(2012).IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at:http://www.iucredlist.org/. Accessed 1 October 2012.

10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.016

10.2305/IUCN.CH.2014.PARKS-20-2.HDJ.en

Juffe‐Bignoli D., 2014, Protected Planet Report 2014

10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.001

10.1038/nature11318

10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5

Lopoukhine N., 2012, What does Target 11 really mean?, Parks, 18, 5

10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.021

10.1126/science.1229803

10.3354/meps09214

10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2

10.1016/0169-5347(93)90023-I

10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.034

10.1038/nature14032

10.1073/pnas.0509060102

10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00660.x

10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1092:GGAPRF]2.0.CO;2

10.1038/nature02422

10.1016/j.biocon.2011.08.023

10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.012

10.1038/462280a

Spalding M.D., 2013, Ocean Yearbook, 213

10.1126/science.1257484

10.1371/journal.pbio.1001891

10.1111/cobi.12095

10.1038/nature13947

Watson J.E.M., 2010, The capacity of Australia's protected‐area system to represent threatened species, Conserv. Biol., 25, 324

10.1371/journal.pbio.1001826

Woodley S., 2012, Meeting Aichi Target 11: what does success look like for protected area systems?, Parks, 18, 23

World Parks Congress.(2014).The promise of Sydney: innovative approaches to reaching conservation goals. Available at:http://worldparkscongress.org/drupal/node/140. Accessed 8 December 2014.

WWF., 2014, Living planet report 2014

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Conservation Letters

Tập 8 Số 5

329-337

Thông tin tác giả