Sex differences in pain and analgesia: the role of gonadal hormones

European Journal of Pain - Tập 8 Số 5 - Trang 397-411 - 2004
Rebecca M. Craft1, Jeffrey S. Mogil2, Anna Maria Aloisi3
1Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820 USA
2Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Que.Canada
3Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Tóm tắt

Abstract

There is now strong evidence for sex differences in pain and analgesia. These differences imply that gonadal steroid hormones such as estradiol and testosterone modulate sensitivity to pain and analgesia. The goal of this review is to present an overview of gonadal steroid modulation of pain and analgesia in animals and humans, and to describe mechanisms by which males' and females' biology may differentially predispose them to pain and to analgesic effects of drugs and stress. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that sex differences in pain and analgesia may be both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Current research suggests that sex‐specific management of clinical pain will be a reality in the not‐so‐distant future.

Từ khóa


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