Septic cardiomyopathy

Parker M, Shelhamer J, Bacharach S, Green M, Natanson C, Frederick T, Damske B, Parrillo J: Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Intern Med 1984, 100: 483–490.

Jardin F, Brun-Ney D, Auvert B, Beauchet A, Bourdarias JP: Sepsis-related cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 1990, 18: 1055–1060. 10.1097/00003246-199010000-00001

Natanson C, Danner RL, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Peart KW, Banks SM, MacVittie TJ, Walker RI, Parrillo JE: Role of endotoxemia in cardiovascular dysfunction and mortality. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus challenges in a canine model of human septic shock. J Clin Invest 1989, 83: 243–251. 10.1172/JCI113866

Barraud D, Faivre V, Damy T, Welschbillig S, Gayat E, Heymes C, Payen D, Shah A, Mebazaa A: Levosimendan restores both systolic and diastolic cardiac performance in lipopolysaccharide-treated rabbits: comparison with dobutamine and milrinone. Crit Care Med 2007, 35: 1376–1382. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000261889.18102.84

Vieillard-Baron A, Prin S, Chergui K, Dubourg O, Jardin F: Hemodynamic instability in sepsis. Bedside assessment by Doppler echocardiography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 168: 1270–1276. 10.1164/rccm.200306-816CC

Cunnion RE, Schaer GK, Parker MM, Natanson C, Parrillo JE: The coronary circulation in human septic shock. Circulation 1986, 73: 637–644.

Dhainaut JF, Huyghebaert MF, Monsallier JF, Lefevre G, Dall'Avasantucci J, Brunet F, Villemant D, Carli A, Raichvarg D: Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism of lactate, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in patients with septic shock. Circulation 1987, 75: 533–541.

Parrillo JE, Burch C, Shelhamer JH, Parker MM, Natanson C, Schuette W: A circulating myocardial depressant substance in humans with septic shock. Septic shock patients with a reduced ejection fraction have a circulating factor that depresses in vitro myocardial cell performance. J Clin Invest 1985, 76: 1539–1553. 10.1172/JCI112135

Natanson C, Eichenholz PW, Danner RL, Eichacker PQ, Hoffman WD, Kuo GC, Banks SM, MacVittie TJ, Parrillo JE: Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor challenges in dogs stimulate the cardiovascular profile of human septic shock. J Exp Med 1989, 169: 823–832. 10.1084/jem.169.3.823

Hollenberg SM, Cunnion RE, Lawrence M: Tumor necrosis factor depress myocardial cell function: results using an in vitro assay of myocyte performance. Clin Res 1989, 37: 528–534.

Kumar A, Thota V, Dee L, Olson J, Parrillo JE: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta are responsible for depression of in-vitro myocardial cell contractility induced by serum from human septic shock. J Exp Med 1996, 183: 949–958. 10.1084/jem.183.3.949

Kumar A, Brar R, Wang P, Dee L, Skorupa G, Khadour F, Schulz R, Parrillo JE: Role of nitric oxide and cGMP in human septic serum-induced depression of cardiac myocyte contractility. Am J Physiol 1999, 276: R265-R276.

Levy RJ, Piel DA, Acton PD: Evidence of myocardial hibernation in the septic heart. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 2752–2756. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000189943.60945.77

Tavernier B, Li JM, El-Omar MM, Lanone S, Yang ZK, Trayer IP, Mebazaa A, Shah AM: Cardiac contractility impairment associated with increased phosphorylation of troponin I in endotoxemic rats. Faseb J 2001, 15: 294–296.

Jardin F, Fourme T, Page B, Loubières Y, Vieillard-Baron A, Beauchet A, Bourdarias JP: Persistent preload defect in severe sepsis despite fluid loading: a longitudinal echocardiographic study in patients with septic shock. Chest 1999, 116: 1354–1359. 10.1378/chest.116.5.1354

Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, Arthaud M, Féger F, Rouby JJ: Acute left ventricular dilatation and shock-induced myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2009, 37: 441–447. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318194ac44

Vincent JL, Reuse C, Frank N, Contempré B, Kahn RJ: Right ventricular dysfunction in septic shock: assessment by measurements of right ventricular ejection fraction using thermodilution technique. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1989, 33: 34–38. 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1989.tb02856.x

Kimchi A, Ellrodt AG, Berman DS, Riedinger MS, Swan HJC, Murata GH: Right ventricular performance in septic shock: A combined radionuclide and hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 4: 945–951. 10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80055-8

Parker MM, McCarthy KE, Ognibene FP, Parrillo JE: Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans. Chest 1990, 97: 126–131. 10.1378/chest.97.1.126

Vieillard-Baron A, Schmitt JM, Beauchet A, Augarde R, Prin S, Page B, Jardin F: Early preload adaptation in septic shock? A transesophageal echocardiographic study. Anesthesiology 2001, 94: 400–406. 10.1097/00000542-200103000-00007

Schneider AJ, Teule GJ, Groeneveld AB, Nauta J, Heidendal GA, Thijs LG: Biventricular performance during volume loading in patients with early septic shock, with emphasis on the right ventricle: a combined hemodynamic and radionuclide study. Am Heart J 1988, 116: 103–112. 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90256-6

Etchecopar-Chevreuil C, François B, Clavel M, Pichon N, Gastinne H, Vignon P: Cardiac morphological and functional changes during early septic shock: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34: 250–256. 10.1007/s00134-007-0929-z

Suffredini A, Fromm RE, Parker MM, Brenner M, Kovacs JA, Wesley RA, Parrillo JE: The cardiovascular response of normal humans to the administration of endotoxin. N Engl J Med 1989, 321: 280–287. 10.1056/NEJM198908033210503

Robotham JL, Takata M, Berman M, Harasawa Y: Ejection fraction revisited. Anesthesiology 1991, 74: 172–183. 10.1097/00000542-199101000-00026

Vieillard-Baron A, Caille V, Charron C, Belliard G, Page B, Jardin F: Actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock. Crit Care Med 2008, 36: 1701–1706. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318174db05

Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, Ranieri VM, Reinhart K, Gerlach H, Moreno R, Carlet J, Le Gall JR, Payen D: Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients Investigators. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 344–353. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000194725.48928.3A

Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada TA, Walley K, Russel JA: Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 2011, 39: 259–265. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feeb15

Ognibene F, Parker M, Natanson C, Shelhamer J, Parrillo J: Depressed left ventricular performance. Response to volume infusion in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Chest 1988, 93: 903–910. 10.1378/chest.93.5.903

Vincent JL, Roman A, Kahn RJ: Dobutamine administration in septic shock: addition to a standard protocol. Crit Care Med 1990, 18: 689–693. 10.1097/00003246-199007000-00001

Vallet B, Chopin C, Curtis SE, Dupuis BA, Fourrier F, Mehdaoui H, Leroy B, Rime A, Santre C, Herbecq : Prognostic value of the dobutamine test in patients with sepsis syndrome and normal lactate values: a prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care Med 1993, 21: 1868–1875. 10.1097/00003246-199312000-00014

Rhodes A, Lamb FJ, Malagon I, Newman PJ, Grounds RM, Bennett ED: A prospective study of the use of a dobutamine stress test to identify outcome in patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. Crit Care Med 1999, 27: 2361–2366. 10.1097/00003246-199911000-00007

Kumar A, Schupp E, Bunnell E, Ali A, Milcarek B, Parrillo J: Cardiovascular response to dobutamine stress predicts outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care 2008, 12: R35. 10.1186/cc6814

Morelli A, De Castro S, Teboul JL, Singer M, Rocco M, Conti G, De Luca L, Di Angelantonio E, Orecchioni A, Pandian N, Pietropaoli P: Effects of levosimendan on systemic and regional hemodynamics in septic myocardial depression. Intensive Care Med 2005, 31: 638–644. 10.1007/s00134-005-2619-z

Morelli A, Teboul JL, Maggiore SM, Vieillard-Baron A, Rocco M, Conti G, De Gaetano A, Picchini U, Orecchioni A, Carbone I, Tritapepe L, Pietropaoli P, Westpheal M: Effects of levosimendan on right ventricular afterload in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot study. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 2287–2293. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000230244.17174.4F

Hamzaoui O, Georger JF, Monnet X, Ksouri H, Maizel J, Richard C, Teboul JL: Early administration of norepinephrine increases cardiac preload and cardiac output in septic patients with life-threatening hypotension. Crit Care 2010, 14: R142. 10.1186/cc9207