Septic Cardiomyopathy

Angus, 2013, Severe sepsis and septic shock., N Engl J Med, 369, 840, 10.1056/NEJMra1208623

Singer, 2016, The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)., JAMA, 315, 801, 10.1001/jama.2016.0287

Abraham, 2007, Mechanisms of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction., Crit Care Med, 35, 2408, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000282072.56245.91

Blanco, 2008, Incidence, organ dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis: A Spanish multicentre study., Crit Care, 12, R158, 10.1186/cc7157

Vieillard-Baron, 2011, Septic cardiomyopathy., Ann Intensive Care, 1, 6, 10.1186/2110-5820-1-6

Court, 2002, Clinical review: Myocardial depression in sepsis and septic shock., Crit Care, 6, 500, 10.1186/cc1822

Kumar, 2000, Myocardial dysfunction in septic shock., Crit Care Clin, 16, 251, 10.1016/S0749-0704(05)70110-X

Flierl, 2008, Molecular events in the cardiomyopathy of sepsis., Mol Med, 14, 327, 10.2119/2007-00130.Flierl

Zhang, 2014, Elevated pregnancy-associated plasma protein A predicts myocardial dysfunction and death in severe sepsis., Ann Clin Biochem, 51, 22, 10.1177/0004563213489275

Endo, 2013, Limitations of global end-diastolic volume index as a parameter of cardiac preload in the early phase of severe sepsis: A subgroup analysis of a multicenter, prospective observational study., J Intensive Care, 1, 11, 10.1186/2052-0492-1-11

Etchecopar-Chevreuil, 2008, Cardiac morphological and functional changes during early septic shock: A transesophageal echocardiographic study., Intensive Care Med, 34, 250, 10.1007/s00134-007-0929-z

Vieillard-Baron, 2008, Actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock., Crit Care Med, 36, 1701, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318174db05

Klouche, 2014, Plasma brain natriuretic peptide and troponin levels in severe sepsis and septic shock: Relationships with systolic myocardial dysfunction and intensive care unit mortality., J Intensive Care Med, 29, 229, 10.1177/0885066612471621

Meng, 2016, Levosimendan versus dobutamine in myocardial injury patients with septic shock: A randomized controlled trial., Med Sci Monit, 22, 1486, 10.12659/MSM.898457

Repessé, 2013, Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function revisited in septic shock., Crit Care, 17, 164, 10.1186/cc12755

Sevilla Berrios, 2014, Correlation of left ventricular systolic dysfunction determined by low ejection fraction and 30-day mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: A systematic review and meta-analysis., J Crit Care, 29, 495, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.03.007

Lanspa, 2015, Association of left ventricular longitudinal strain with central venous oxygen saturation and serum lactate in patients with early severe sepsis and septic shock., Crit Care, 19, 304, 10.1186/s13054-015-1014-6

Dalla, 2015, Strain echocardiography identifies impaired longitudinal systolic function in patients with septic shock and preserved ejection fraction., Cardiovasc Ultrasound, 13, 30, 10.1186/s12947-015-0025-4

Bouhemad, 2009, Acute left ventricular dilatation and shock-induced myocardial dysfunction., Crit Care Med, 37, 441, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318194ac44

Charpentier, 2004, Brain natriuretic peptide: A marker of myocardial dysfunction and prognosis during severe sepsis., Crit Care Med, 32, 660, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000114827.93410.D8

Shahul, 2015, Detection of myocardial dysfunction in septic shock: A speckle-tracking echocardiography study., Anesth Analg, 121, 1547, 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000943

De Geer, 2015, Strain echocardiography in septic shock - a comparison with systolic and diastolic function parameters, cardiac biomarkers and outcome., Crit Care, 19, 122, 10.1186/s13054-015-0857-1

Orde, 2014, Outcome prediction in sepsis: Speckle tracking echocardiography based assessment of myocardial function., Crit Care, 18, R149, 10.1186/cc13987

Pulido, 2012, Clinical spectrum, frequency, and significance of myocardial dysfunction in severe sepsis and septic shock., Mayo Clin Proc, 87, 620, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.01.018

Landesberg, 2012, Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock., Eur Heart J, 33, 895, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr351

Brown, 2012, Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in early severe sepsis and septic shock: A prospective, observational echocardiography study., Crit Ultrasound J, 4, 8, 10.1186/2036-7902-4-8

Rolando, 2015, Prognostic value of ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock., Rev Bras Ter Intensiva, 27, 333, 10.5935/0103-507X.20150057

Gillebert, 2000, Load dependent diastolic dysfunction in heart failure., Heart Fail Rev, 5, 345, 10.1023/A:1026563313952

Lanspa, 2016, Application of a simplified definition of diastolic function in severe sepsis and septic shock., Crit Care, 20, 243, 10.1186/s13054-016-1421-3

Nizamuddin, 2017, Interval changes in myocardial performance index predict outcome in severe sepsis., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 31, 957, 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.11.007

Tei, 1997, Noninvasive Doppler-derived myocardial performance index: Correlation with simultaneous measurements of cardiac catheterization measurements., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 10, 169, 10.1016/S0894-7317(97)70090-7

Werdan, 2011, Septic cardiomyopathy: Hemodynamic quantification, occurrence, and prognostic implications., Clin Res Cardiol, 100, 661, 10.1007/s00392-011-0292-5

Guarracino, 2014, Ventriculoarterial decoupling in human septic shock., Crit Care, 18, R80, 10.1186/cc13842

Guarracino, 2013, Ventriculo-arterial decoupling in acutely altered hemodynamic states., Crit Care, 17, 213, 10.1186/cc12522

Schulman, 1988, Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on right ventricular performance. Importance of baseline right ventricular function., Am J Med, 84, 57, 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90009-5

Price, 2010, Pulmonary vascular and right ventricular dysfunction in adult critical care: Current and emerging options for management: a systematic literature review., Crit Care, 14, R169, 10.1186/cc9264

Arbo, 2013, Bedside assessment of right atrial pressure in critically ill septic patients using tissue Doppler ultrasonography., J Crit Care, 28, 1112.e1, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.08.008

Landesberg, 2014, Troponin elevation in severe sepsis and septic shock: The role of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and right ventricular dilatation*., Crit Care Med, 42, 790, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000107

Fernandes, 1999, Cardiac troponin: A new serum marker of myocardial injury in sepsis., Intensive Care Med, 25, 1165, 10.1007/s001340051030

Papanikolaou, 2014, New insights into the mechanisms involved in B-type natriuretic peptide elevation and its prognostic value in septic patients., Crit Care, 18, R94, 10.1186/cc13864

Maeder, 2006, Sepsis-associated myocardial dysfunction: Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides., Chest, 129, 1349, 10.1378/chest.129.5.1349

Post, 2008, B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patients., Crit Care Med, 36, 3030, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b9153

Pirracchio, 2008, Impaired plasma B-type natriuretic peptide clearance in human septic shock., Crit Care Med, 36, 2542, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318183f067

Witthaut, 2003, Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide are increased in septic shock: Impact of interleukin-6 and sepsis-associated left ventricular dysfunction., Intensive Care Med, 29, 1696, 10.1007/s00134-003-1910-0

Mouncey, 2015, Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock., N Engl J Med, 372, 1301, 10.1056/NEJMoa1500896

Yealy, 2014, A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock., N Engl J Med, 370, 1683, 10.1056/NEJMoa1401602

Peake, 2014, Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock., N Engl J Med, 371, 1496, 10.1056/NEJMoa1404380

Hayes, 1994, Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients., N Engl J Med, 330, 1717, 10.1056/NEJM199406163302404

Morelli, 2013, Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: A randomized clinical trial., JAMA, 310, 1683, 10.1001/jama.2013.278477

Schmittinger, 2008, Combined milrinone and enteral metoprolol therapy in patients with septic myocardial depression., Crit Care, 12, R99, 10.1186/cc6976

Calvin, 1981, An assessment of myocardial function in human sepsis utilizing ECG gated cardiac scintigraphy., Chest, 80, 579, 10.1378/chest.80.5.579

Parker, 1984, Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock., Ann Intern Med, 100, 483, 10.7326/0003-4819-100-4-483

Parker, 1987, Serial cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic shock: Heart rate as an early predictor of prognosis., Crit Care Med, 15, 923, 10.1097/00003246-198710000-00006

Sato, 2016, Prevalence and risk factors of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy: A retrospective cohort study., Medicine (Baltimore), 95, e5031, 10.1097/MD.0000000000005031

Gattinoni, 1995, A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. Svo 2 Collaborative Group., N Engl J Med, 333, 1025, 10.1056/NEJM199510193331601

Baan, 1981, Continuous stroke volume and cardiac output from intra-ventricular dimensions obtained with impedance catheter., Cardiovasc Res, 15, 328, 10.1093/cvr/15.6.328

Arthur, 2000, The measurement of impedance to assess myocardial contractility and rhythm stability., Physiol Meas, 21, R43, 10.1088/0967-3334/21/4/201

Burkhoff, 2005, Assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular properties via pressure-volume analysis: A guide for clinical, translational, and basic researchers., Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 289, H501, 10.1152/ajpheart.00138.2005

Tei, 1995, New index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance: A simple and reproducible measure of cardiac function–a study in normals and dilated cardiomyopathy., J Cardiol, 26, 357

Wilhelm, 2013, Severity of cardiac impairment in the early stage of community-acquired sepsis determines worse prognosis., Clin Res Cardiol, 102, 735, 10.1007/s00392-013-0584-z

Stanton, 2009, Prediction of all-cause mortality from global longitudinal speckle strain: Comparison with ejection fraction and wall motion scoring., Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2, 356, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.862334

Ng, 2016, Speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with septic shock: A case control study (SPECKSS)., Crit Care, 20, 145, 10.1186/s13054-016-1327-0

Palmieri, 2015, Left ventricular systolic longitudinal function as predictor of outcome in patients with sepsis., Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 8, e003865, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003865

Parker, 1990, Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans., Chest, 97, 126, 10.1378/chest.97.1.126

Redl, 1993, Right ventricular function in early septic shock states., Intensive Care Med, 19, 3, 10.1007/BF01709270

Dhainaut, 1988, Right ventricular dysfunction in patients with septic shock., Intensive Care Med, 14, 488, 10.1007/BF00256967

Chan, 2008, The right ventricle in sepsis., Clin Chest Med, 29, 661, 10.1016/j.ccm.2008.07.002

Poelaert, 1997, Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in septic shock., Intensive Care Med, 23, 553, 10.1007/s001340050372

Jafri, 1990, Left ventricular diastolic function in sepsis., Crit Care Med, 18, 709, 10.1097/00003246-199007000-00005

Nagueh, 2009, Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 22, 107, 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.023

Ammann, 2001, Elevation of troponin I in sepsis and septic shock., Intensive Care Med, 27, 965, 10.1007/s001340100920

Ostermann, 2017, Cardiac troponin release is associated with biomarkers of inflammation and ventricular dilatation during critical illness., Shock, 47, 702, 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000811

Parrillo, 1985, A circulating myocardial depressant substance in humans with septic shock. Septic shock patients with a reduced ejection fraction have a circulating factor that depresses in vitro myocardial cell performance., J Clin Invest, 76, 1539, 10.1172/JCI112135

Kumar, 1996, Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta are responsible for in vitro myocardial cell depression induced by human septic shock serum., J Exp Med, 183, 949, 10.1084/jem.183.3.949

Pathan, 2011, Myocardial depressant effects of interleukin 6 in meningococcal sepsis are regulated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase., Crit Care Med, 39, 1692, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182186d27

Kumar, 1999, Role of nitric oxide and cGMP in human septic serum-induced depression of cardiac myocyte contractility., Am J Physiol, 276, R265

Tzeng, 2008, Negative inotropic effects of high-mobility group box 1 protein in isolated contracting cardiac myocytes., Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 294, H1490, 10.1152/ajpheart.00910.2007

Haileselassie, 2017, Myocardial oxidative stress correlates with left ventricular dysfunction on strain echocardiography in a rodent model of sepsis., Intensive Care Med Exp, 5, 21, 10.1186/s40635-017-0134-5

Freitas, 2016, Activation of both the calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems contributes to septic cardiomyopathy through dystrophin loss/disruption and mTOR inhibition., PLoS One, 11, e0166839, 10.1371/journal.pone.0166839

Martin, 2016, The synthetic antimicrobial peptide 19-2.5 attenuates septic cardiomyopathy and prevents down-regulation of SERCA2 in polymicrobial sepsis., Sci Rep, 6, 37277, 10.1038/srep37277

Galley, 2011, Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis., Br J Anaesth, 107, 57, 10.1093/bja/aer093

Joshi, 2006, Calcineurin regulates myocardial function during acute endotoxemia., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173, 999, 10.1164/rccm.200411-1507OC

Rossi, 2007, Myocardial structural changes in long-term human severe sepsis/septic shock may be responsible for cardiac dysfunction., Shock, 27, 10, 10.1097/01.shk.0000235141.05528.47

Soriano, 2006, Potential role of poly(adenosine 5’-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activation in the pathogenesis of myocardial contractile dysfunction associated with human septic shock., Crit Care Med, 34, 1073, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000206470.47721.8D

Mehta, 2004, Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction and adverse outcome in septic shock., Int J Cardiol, 95, 13, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.02.005

Vincent, 1992, Myocardial depression characterizes the fatal course of septic shock., Surgery, 111, 660

Liu, 2000, Right ventricular function of patients with septic shock: clinical significance., Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 38, 488

Ammann, 2003, Troponin as a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients without acute coronary syndromes., J Am Coll Cardiol, 41, 2004, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00421-2

Røsjø, 2011, Circulating high sensitivity troponin T in severe sepsis and septic shock: Distribution, associated factors, and relation to outcome., Intensive Care Med, 37, 77, 10.1007/s00134-010-2051-x

Yucel, 2008, The prognostic value of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides, troponin I and C-reactive protein in patients with sepsis., Exp Clin Cardiol, 13, 183

McLean, 2007, Prognostic values of B-type natriuretic peptide in severe sepsis and septic shock., Crit Care Med, 35, 1019, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000259469.24364.31

Möckel, 2017, The role of procalcitonin in acute heart failure patients., ESC Heart Fail, 4, 203, 10.1002/ehf2.12189

Schuetz, 2016, Procalcitonin: A new biomarker for the cardiologist., Int J Cardiol, 223, 390, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.204

Rennyson, 2010, Electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in critically ill patients: An observational cohort analysis., Crit Care Med, 38, 2304, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181fa02cd

Wang, 2003, ST-segment elevation in conditions other than acute myocardial infarction., N Engl J Med, 349, 2128, 10.1056/NEJMra022580

Ou, 2016, Long-term mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in sepsis survivors. A nationwide population-based study., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 194, 209, 10.1164/rccm.201510-2023OC

Yende, 2014, Risk of cardiovascular events in survivors of severe sepsis., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 189, 1065, 10.1164/rccm.201307-1321OC

Rhodes, 2017, Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016., Crit Care Med, 45, 486, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255

Rivers, 2001, Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock., N Engl J Med, 345, 1368, 10.1056/NEJMoa010307

Pinto, 2008, Role of levosimendan in sepsis and septic shock., Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 21, 168, 10.1097/ACO.0b013e3282f43c56

Gordon, 2016, Levosimendan for the prevention of acute organ dysfunction in sepsis., N Engl J Med, 375, 1638, 10.1056/NEJMoa1609409

Morelli, 2013, Microvascular effects of heart rate control with esmolol in patients with septic shock: A pilot study., Crit Care Med, 41, 2162, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a678d

Beesley, 2017, Persistent tachycardia and mortality in septic shock patients., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 195

Annane, 2007, Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: A randomised trial., Lancet, 370, 676, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61344-0

Jardin, 1990, Sepsis-related cardiogenic shock., Crit Care Med, 18, 1055, 10.1097/00003246-199010000-00001

Weil, 1978, Cardiac output in bacterial shock., Am J Med, 64, 920, 10.1016/0002-9343(78)90444-8

Semler, 2016, Sepsis resuscitation: Fluid choice and dose., Clin Chest Med, 37, 241, 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.01.007

Ruth, 2015, Extracorporeal therapies in pediatric severe sepsis: Findings from the pediatric health-care information system., Crit Care, 19, 397, 10.1186/s13054-015-1105-4

MacLaren, 2011, Central extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory pediatric septic shock., Pediatr Crit Care Med, 12, 133, 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181e2a4a1

Bréchot, 2013, Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for refractory cardiovascular dysfunction during severe bacterial septic shock., Crit Care Med, 41, 1616, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a2370

Huang, 2013, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation in adult patients with refractory septic shock., J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 146, 1041, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.08.022

Ventetuolo, 2014, Extracorporeal life support in critically ill adults., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 190, 497, 10.1164/rccm.201404-0736CI

Vohra, 2009, Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the management of septic shock with severe cardiac dysfunction after Ravitch procedure., Ann Thorac Surg, 87, e4, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.07.077

Gabel, 2015, Successful use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an adult patient with toxic shock-induced heart failure., J Intensive Care Med, 30, 115, 10.1177/0885066613517069

MacLaren, 2004, Successful use of ECMO in adults with life-threatening infections., Anaesth Intensive Care, 32, 707, 10.1177/0310057X0403200519

Bruenger, 2015, First successful combination of ECMO with cytokine removal therapy in cardiogenic septic shock: A case report., Int J Artif Organs, 38, 113, 10.5301/ijao.5000382

Fujisaki, 2014, Successful treatment of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-expressing Staphylococcus aureus-associated pneumonia co-infected with influenza using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation., In Vivo, 28, 961

Firstenberg, 2010, The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe necrotizing soft tissue infections complicated by septic shock., Am Surg, 76, 1287, 10.1177/000313481007601133

Pořízka, 2015, Successful use of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with streptococcal sepsis: A case report and review of literature., Prague Med Rep, 116, 57, 10.14712/23362936.2015.47

Takahashi, 2007, Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors., Cell, 131, 861, 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019

Hotchkiss, 2003, The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis., N Engl J Med, 348, 138, 10.1056/NEJMra021333

Balik, 2012, Concomitant use of beta-1 adrenoreceptor blocker and norepinephrine in patients with septic shock., Wien Klin Wochenschr, 124, 552, 10.1007/s00508-012-0209-y

Aronson, 2001, Effect of beta-blockade on autonomic modulation of heart rate and neurohormonal profile in decompensated heart failure., Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol, 6, 98, 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2001.tb00093.x

Fiuzat, 2016, Heart rate or beta-blocker dose? association with outcomes in ambulatory heart failure patients with systolic dysfunction: Results from the HF-ACTION trial., JACC Heart Fail, 4, 109, 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.09.002

Bristow, 2011, Treatment of chronic heart failure with β-adrenergic receptor antagonists: A convergence of receptor pharmacology and clinical cardiology., Circ Res, 109, 1176, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.245092

Deutschman, 2012, Multisociety Task Force for Critical Care Research: Key issues and recommendations., Crit Care Med, 40, 254, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182377fdd

Angus, 2003, Surviving intensive care: A report from the 2002 Brussels Roundtable., Intensive Care Med, 29, 368, 10.1007/s00134-002-1624-8

Needham, 2012, Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: Report from a stakeholders’ conference., Crit Care Med, 40, 502, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318232da75

Iwashyna, 2010, Survivorship will be the defining challenge of critical care in the 21st century., Ann Intern Med, 153, 204, 10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00013

Prescott, 2014, Increased 1-year healthcare use in survivors of severe sepsis., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 190, 62, 10.1164/rccm.201403-0471OC

Prescott, 2015, Readmission diagnoses after hospitalization for severe sepsis and other acute medical conditions., JAMA, 313, 1055, 10.1001/jama.2015.1410

Iwashyna, 2010, Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis., JAMA, 304, 1787, 10.1001/jama.2010.1553

Corrales-Medina, 2011, Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies., PLoS Med, 8, e1001048, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001048