Sensitive Simultaneous Determination of Synthetic Food Colorants in Preserved Fruit Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis with Contactless Conductivity Detection
Tóm tắt
A novel and sensitive analytical method, based on efficient sample clean-up and field-amplified sample injection (FASI) on-line preconcentration technique in capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection, for the simultaneous determination of synthetic food colorants in preserved fruit samples was developed. In order to remove the complex matrix interferences, i.e., large amount of inorganic salts (e.g., NaCl, KCl) and bio-molecules co-existed with trace amount of food colorants in the preserved fruit samples, a dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) was utilized in the sample clean-up procedure. As a result, the complex matrix interferences were effectively removed by dSPE when dispersive powder polyamide was used as the dispersive solid-phase adsorbent and ethanol-ammonia solution was used as the eluting solvent. The sample clean-up, capillary electrophoresis separation, and FASI conditions were discussed in detail. Well separation of five synthetic food colorants (ponceau 4R, amaranth, tartrazine, sunset yellow, and brilliant blue) was achieved within 10 min under the following conditions: an uncoated fused-silica capillary, 25 mM acetic acid + 2 mM hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (pH = 3.5) as running buffer, separation voltage of − 15.0 kV, and electrokinetic injection of − 12.0 kV × 10 s. The limits of detection for these five food colorants were in the range of 0.035 to 0.055 mg kg−1. The accuracy was tested by spiking colorant standards in preserved fruit samples, and the recoveries ranged from 94.3 to 102%. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day were below 5%. Finally, this newly developed method was applied successfully for the determination of these synthetic food colorants in commercial preserved fruit samples.
Tài liệu tham khảo
citation_journal_title=Trends Anal Chem; citation_title=Determination of banned azo dyes in consumer goods; citation_author=LH Ahlstrmom, CS Eskilsson, E Bjmorklund; citation_volume=24; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=49-56; citation_doi=10.1016/j.trac.2004.09.004; citation_id=CR1
citation_journal_title=J AOAC Int; citation_title=Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce; citation_author=M Anastassiades, SJ Lehotay, D Štajnbaher, FJ Schenk; citation_volume=86; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=412-431; citation_id=CR2
citation_journal_title=J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol; citation_title=A validated HPTLC method for the determination of illegal dyes in spices and spice mixtures; citation_author=M Beisch; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=1273-1288; citation_doi=10.1080/10826070902858293; citation_id=CR3
citation_journal_title=Dyes Pigments; citation_title=Simultaneous determination of synthetic dyes in foodstuffs and beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector; citation_author=S Bonan, G Fedrizzi, S Menotta, C Elisabetta; citation_volume=99; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=36-40; citation_doi=10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.03.029; citation_id=CR4
citation_journal_title=Electrophoresis; citation_title=Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips; citation_author=MC Breadmore, RM Tubaon, AI Shallan, SC Phung, M Dawod, J Quirino; citation_volume=36; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=36-61; citation_doi=10.1002/elps.201400420; citation_id=CR5
citation_journal_title=J Chromatogr A; citation_title=Determination of eight synthetic food colorants in drinks by high-performance ion chromatography; citation_author=QC Chen, SF Mou, XP Hou, JM Riviello, ZM Ni; citation_volume=827; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=73-81; citation_doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00759-6; citation_id=CR6
citation_journal_title=Anal Chem; citation_title=Mathematical modeling of field-amplified sample injection in high-performance capillary electrophoresis; citation_author=RL Chien; citation_volume=63; citation_issue=24; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=2866-2869; citation_doi=10.1021/ac00024a012; citation_id=CR7
citation_journal_title=J Environ Sci Heal C; citation_title=Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of aromatic amines metabolically produced from azo dyes; citation_author=KT Chuang; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=51-74; citation_doi=10.1080/10590500009373515; citation_id=CR8
citation_journal_title=Dyes Pigments; citation_title=Spectrophotometric determination of food dyes in soft drinks by second order multivariate calibration of the absorbance spectra-pH data matrices; citation_author=AH El-Sheikh, YS Al-Degs; citation_volume=97; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=330-339; citation_doi=10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.01.007; citation_id=CR9
citation_journal_title=Electrophoresis; citation_title=A capillary electrophoresis system with dual capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry; citation_author=KJ Francisco, CL Lago; citation_volume=37; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1718-1724; citation_doi=10.1002/elps.201600005; citation_id=CR10
citation_journal_title=Anal Bioanal Chem; citation_title=Dispersive micro-solid phase extraction combined with gas chromatography–chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of N-nitrosamines in swimming pool water samples; citation_author=S Fu, S Tzing, H Chen, Y Wang, W Ding; citation_volume=402; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=2209-2216; citation_doi=10.1007/s00216-011-5681-0; citation_id=CR11
citation_journal_title=Talanta; citation_title=Determination of sulphonated azo dyes in food by ion-pair liquid chromatography with photodiode array and electrospray mass spectrometry detection; citation_author=MR Fuh, KJ Chia; citation_volume=56; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=663-671; citation_doi=10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00625-7; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=Food Chem; citation_title=Simultaneous determination of sunset yellow and tartrazine in soft drinks using gold nanoparticles carbon paste electrode; citation_author=SM Ghoreishi, M Behpour, M Golestaneh; citation_volume=132; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=637-641; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.103; citation_id=CR13
citation_journal_title=J Chromatogr A; citation_title=Separation and identification of food colours: IV. Extraction of synthetic water-soluble food colours; citation_author=RA Gilhooley, RA Hoodless, KG Pitman, J Thomson; citation_volume=72; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1972; citation_pages=325-331; citation_doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(00)89517-5; citation_id=CR14
Gosetti F, Gianotti V, Polati S, Gennaro MC (2005) HPLC-MS degradation study of E110 Sunset Yellow FCF in a commercial beverage. J Chromatogr A 1090(1-2):107-115
citation_journal_title=Int Arch Occup Enviro Health; citation_title=Azo dyes and carcinogenic aromatic amines in cell cultures; citation_author=S Hildenbrand, FW Schmahl, R Wodarz, R Kimmel, PC Dartsch; citation_volume=72; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=M052-M056; citation_id=CR16
citation_journal_title=J Chromatogr A; citation_title=Analysis of food colorants by capillary electrophoresis with large-volume sample stacking; citation_author=HY Huang, CW Chiu, SL Sue, CF Cheng; citation_volume=995; citation_issue=1-2; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=29-36; citation_doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00530-2; citation_id=CR17
citation_journal_title=Electrophoresis; citation_title=Field-amplified on-line sample stacking for simultaneous enantioseparation and determination of some beta-blockers using capillary electrophoresis; citation_author=L Huang, JM Lin, L Yu, L Xu, G Chen; citation_volume=29; citation_issue=17; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=3588-3594; citation_doi=10.1002/elps.200700811; citation_id=CR18
citation_journal_title=J Sep Sci; citation_title=Efficient sample clean-up and online preconcentration for sensitive determination of melamine in milk samples by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection; citation_author=YL Ji, XW Chen, ZB Zhang, J Li, TY Xie; citation_volume=37; citation_issue=20; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=3000-3006; citation_doi=10.1002/jssc.201400360; citation_id=CR19
citation_journal_title=Anal Chim Acta; citation_title=Evaluation of single-walled carbon nanohorns as sorbent in dispersive micro solid-phase extraction; citation_author=JM Jiménez-Soto, S Cárdenas, M Valcárcel; citation_volume=714; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=76-81; citation_doi=10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.055; citation_id=CR20
citation_journal_title=Food Chem; citation_title=Determination of synthetic food colorants in fish products by HPLC-DAD method; citation_author=G Karanikolopoulos, A Gerakis, K Papadopoulou, I Mastrantoni; citation_volume=177; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=197-203; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.026; citation_id=CR21
Kubáň P, Hauser PC (2015) Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques-Developments from 2012 to 2014. Electrophoresis 36:195-211
citation_journal_title=Talanta; citation_title=Dispersive solid-phase microextraction and capillary electrophoresis separation of food colorants in beverages using diamino moiety functionalized silica nanoparticles as both extractant and pseudostationary phase; citation_author=F Liu, C Liu, W Li, A Tang; citation_volume=132; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=366-372; citation_doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.014; citation_id=CR23
Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (2014) Hygienic standards for the use of food additives. GB2760-2014
citation_journal_title=J Chromatogr A; citation_title=Field-enhanced sample injection for high-sensitivity analysis of peptides and proteins in capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry; citation_author=MR Monton, S Terabe; citation_volume=1032; citation_issue=1-2; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=203-211; citation_doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.038; citation_id=CR25
citation_journal_title=Talanta; citation_title=Simultaneous kinetic spectrophotometric analysis of five synthetic food colorants with the aid of chemometrics; citation_author=Y Ni, Y Wang, S Kokot; citation_volume=78; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=432-441; citation_doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2008.11.035; citation_id=CR26
citation_journal_title=J Chromatogr A; citation_title=Validation of methodology for simultaneous determination of synthetic dyes in alcoholic beverages by capillary electrophoresis; citation_author=MA Prado, LFV Boas, MR Bronze, HT Godoy; citation_volume=1136; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=231-236; citation_doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.071; citation_id=CR27
citation_journal_title=Food Chem; citation_title=Fast and simultaneous determination of eleven synthetic color additives in flour and meat products by liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection; citation_author=P Qi, ZH Lin, GY Chen, J Xiao; citation_volume=181; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=101-110; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.075; citation_id=CR28
citation_journal_title=Food Chem; citation_title=An enhanced electrochemical platform based on graphene oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for sensitive determination of sunset yellow and tartrazine; citation_author=X Qiu, L Lu, J Leng, Y Yu, W Wang, M Jiang, L Bai; citation_volume=190; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=889-895; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.045; citation_id=CR29
citation_journal_title=Food Control; citation_title=Highly sensitive electrochemical determination of sunset yellow in commercial food products based on CHIT/GO/MWCNTs/AuNPs/GCE; citation_author=K Rovina, S Siddiquee, SM Shaarani; citation_volume=82; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=66-73; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.029; citation_id=CR30
citation_journal_title=J Pediatrics; citation_title=Synthetic food coloring and behavior: a dose response effect in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures study; citation_author=KS Rowe, KJ Rowe; citation_volume=125; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=691-698; citation_doi=10.1016/S0022-3476(06)80164-2; citation_id=CR31
citation_journal_title=J Chromatogr A; citation_title=On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis: fundamentals and applications; citation_author=SL Simpson, JP Quirino, S Terabe; citation_volume=1184; citation_issue=1-2; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=504-541; citation_doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.001; citation_id=CR32
citation_journal_title=Food Anal Methods; citation_title=A rapid and green limit test method for five synthetic colorants in foods using polyamide thin-layer chromatography; citation_author=T Tang, X Xu, D Wang, Z Zhao, L Zhu, D Yang; citation_volume=8; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=459-466; citation_doi=10.1007/s12161-014-9907-6; citation_id=CR33
citation_journal_title=Talanta; citation_title=On-line preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for sensitive determination of sorbic and benzoic acids in soy sauce; citation_author=R Wei, W Li, L Yang, Y Jiang, T Xie; citation_volume=83; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=1487-1490; citation_doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.036; citation_id=CR34
citation_journal_title=Food Chem; citation_title=Sensitive simultaneous determination of three sulfanilamide artificial sweeters by capillary electrophoresis with on-line preconcentration and contactless conductivity detection; citation_author=LR Yang, SJ Zhou, YZ Xiao, YF Tang, TY Xie; citation_volume=188; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=446-451; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.060; citation_id=CR35
citation_journal_title=Talanta; citation_title=Determination of 40 synthetic food colors in drinks and candies by high-performance liquid chromatography using a short column with photodiode array detection; citation_author=N Yoshioka, K Ichihashi; citation_volume=74; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1408-1413; citation_doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2007.09.015; citation_id=CR36
citation_journal_title=Electrophoresis; citation_title=Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis; citation_author=AJ Zemann; citation_volume=24; citation_issue=1213; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=2125-2137; citation_doi=10.1002/elps.200305476; citation_id=CR37
citation_journal_title=Food Chem; citation_title=Determination of seven synthetic dyes in animal feeds and meat by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass detectors; citation_author=T Zou, P He, Y Amangul, Z Li; citation_volume=138; citation_issue=2-3; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=1742-1748; citation_doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.084; citation_id=CR38