Self-reported interoception, worries and protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study

Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., & Valentiner, D. P. (2007a). The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Construct Validity in a Non-clinical Sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(6), 871–883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9058-1 Abramowitz, J. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Deacon, B. J. (2007b). Health anxiety, hypochondriasis, and the anxiety disorders. Behavior Therapy, 38(1), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.05.001 Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 Al-Rahimi, J. S., Nass, N. M., Hassoubah, S. A., Wazqar, D. Y., & Alamoudi, S. A. (2021). Levels and predictors of fear and health anxiety during the current outbreak of COVID-19 in immunocompromised and chronic disease patients in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional correlational study. PLOS One, 16(4), e0250554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250554 Arora, T., Barbato, M., Al Hemeiri, S., Omar, O. M., & AlJassmi, M. A. (2021). A mysterious sensation about sleep and health: The role of interoception. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1584. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11603-0 Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211 Bakal, D., Coll, P., & Schaefer, J. (2008). Somatic awareness in the clinical care of patients with body distress symptoms. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 2(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-2-6 Bakal, D. (1999). Minding the body: Clinical uses of somatic awareness. Guilford Press Barsky, A. J., Goodson, J. D., Lane, R. S., & Cleary, P. D. (1988). The amplification of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50(5), 510–519. Barsky, A. J., Wyshak, G., & Klerman, G. L. (1990). The Somatosensory Amplification Scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24(4), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(90)90004-A Belhouk-Herrero, M. O., Molins, F., Serrano-Rosa, M. A. (2021). COVID-19 Stressor Affects Decision-Making under Risk: The Role of Interoception & Alexithymia (SSRN Scholarly Paper 3933748). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3933748 Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. In Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 4th ed (pp. 45–65). Jossey-Bass Cowling, B. J., Ali, S. T., Ng, T. W. Y., Tsang, T. K., Li, J. C. M., Fong, M. W., Liao, Q., Kwan, M. Y., Lee, S. L., Chiu, S. S., Wu, J. T., Wu, P., & Leung, G. M. (2020). Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: An observational study. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e279–e288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30090-6 Craig, A. D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn894 Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’s error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Penguin Books. Damasio, A., & Carvalho, G. B. (2013). The nature of feelings: Evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14(2), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3403 Daubenmier, J. J. (2005). The Relationship of Yoga, Body Awareness, and Body Responsiveness to Self-Objectification and Disordered Eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(2), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00183.x Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C. R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., van der Bles, A. M., Spiegelhalter, D., & van der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7–8), 994–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193 Dunn, B. D., Galton, H. C., Morgan, R., Evans, D., Oliver, C., Meyer, M., Cusack, R., Lawrence, A. D., & Dalgleish, T. (2010). Listening to your heart. How interoception shapes emotion experience and intuitive decision making. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1835–1844. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610389191 Dunn, B. D., Evans, D., Makarova, D., White, J., & Clark, L. (2012). Gut feelings and the reaction to perceived inequity: The interplay between bodily responses, regulation, and perception shapes the rejection of unfair offers on the ultimatum game. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12(3), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-012-0092-z Elliott, J., & Pfeifer, G. (2022). Relationship between interoceptive sensibility, age, and COVID-19 anxiety during the first national lockdown in the United Kingdom. Aging & Mental Health, 26(10), 2112–2119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2026878 Farb, N. A., Daubenmier, J. J., Price, C. J., Gard, T., Kerr, C., Dunn, B. D., Klein, A. C., Paulus, M. P., & Mehling, W. E. (2015). Interoception, contemplative practice, and health. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(763), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763 Ferentzi, E., Drew, R., Tihanyi, B. T., & Köteles, F. (2018). Interoceptive accuracy and body awareness – Temporal and longitudinal associations in a non-clinical sample. Physiology & Behavior, 184(Supplement C), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.015 Ferentzi, E., Horváth, Á., & Köteles, F. (2019). Do body-related sensations make feel us better? Subjective well-being is associated only with the subjective aspect of interoception. Psychophysiology, 56(4), e13319. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13319 Ferentzi, E., Olaru, G., Geiger, M., Vig, L., Köteles, F., & Wilhelm, O. (2020). Examining the Factor Structure and Validity of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(5), 675–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1813147 Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 407–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x Ginzburg, K., Tsur, N., Barak-Nahum, A., & Defrin, R. (2014). Body awareness: Differentiating between sensitivity to and monitoring of bodily signals. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(3), 564–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-013-9514-9 Hanley, A. W., Mehling, W. E., & Garland, E. L. (2017). Holding the body in mind: Interoceptive awareness, dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 99, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.014 Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2021). Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1875–1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5 Impett, E. A., Daubenmier, J. J., & Hirschman, A. L. (2006). Minding the body: Yoga, embodiment, and well-being. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 3(4), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2006.3.4.39 JASP Team. (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.3) [Computer software] (0.16.3) [Computer software]. https://jasp-stats.org/ Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239 Khalsa, S. S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O. G., Critchley, H. D., Davenport, P. W., Feinstein, J. S., Feusner, J. D., Garfinkel, S. N., Lane, R. D., Mehling, W. E., Meuret, A. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Oppenheimer, S., Petzschner, F. H., Pollatos, O., Rhudy, J. L., Schramm, L. P., Simmons, W. K., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2018). Interoception and mental health: A roadmap. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(6), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.004 Kibbey, M. M., Fedorenko, E. J., & Farris, S. G. (2021). Anxiety, depression, and health anxiety in undergraduate students living in initial US outbreak “hotspot” during COVID-19 pandemic. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50(5), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2020.1853805 Köteles, F. (2014). A Testi Tudatosság Kérdőív magyar verziójának (BAQ-H) vizsgálata jógázó és fiatal felnőtt kontroll mintán [Examination of the Hungarian version of the Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ-H) on a yoga-practicing and control sample of young adults]. Mentálhigiéné És Pszichoszomatika, 15(4), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1556/Mental.15.2014.4.4 Köteles, F., & Simor, P. (2014). Modern Health Worries, Somatosensory Amplification, Health Anxiety, and Well-being. A Cross-sectional Study. European Journal of Mental Health, 9(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.5708/EJMH.9.2014.1.2 Köteles, F., & Witthöft, M. (2017). Somatosensory amplification – An old construct from a new perspective. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 101, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.011 Köteles, F., Gémes, H., Papp, G., Túróczi, P., Pásztor, A., Freyler, A., Szemerszky, R., & Bárdos, G. (2009). A Szomatoszenzoros Amplifikáció Skála (SSAS) magyar változatának validálása [Validation of the Hungarian version of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS)]. Mentálhigiéné És Pszichoszomatika, 10(4), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1556/Mental.10.2009.4.3 Kovalcsik, T., Boros, L., Pál, V. (2021). A COVID-19-járvány első két hullámának területisége Közép-Európában [Territoriality of the first two waves of the COVID-19 epidemic in Central Europe]. TERÜLETI STATISZTIKA, 61(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.15196/TS610301 Kuper-Smith, B. J., Doppelhofer, L. M., Oganian, Y., Rosenblau, G., & Korn, C. W. (2021). Risk perception and optimism during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Royal Society Open Science, 8(11), 210904. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210904 Li, J.-B., Yang, A., Dou, K., Cheung, R. Y. M. (2020). Self-control moderates the association between perceived severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health problems among the Chinese public. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xadq Lovas, D. A., & Barsky, A. J. (2010). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for hypochondriasis, or severe health anxiety: A pilot study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 931–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.019 Luo, L., Xiao, M., Luo, Y., Yi, H., Dong, D., Liu, Y., Chen, X., Li, W., & Chen, H. (2022). Knowing what you feel: Inferior frontal gyrus-based structural and functional neural patterns underpinning adaptive body awareness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 315, 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.051 Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 455–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90132-3 Mehling, W. E., Wrubel, J., Daubenmier, J. J., Price, C. J., Kerr, C. E., Silow, T., Gopisetty, V., & Stewart, A. L. (2011). Body Awareness: A phenomenological inquiry into the common ground of mind-body therapies. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 6(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-6-6 Mehling, W. E., Price, C., Daubenmier, J. J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., & Stewart, A. (2012). The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). PLoS One, 7(11), e48230. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048230 Mehling, W. E. (2016). Differentiating attention styles and regulatory aspects of self-reported interoceptive sensibility. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1708). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0013 Moradi, B., & Huang, Y.-P. (2008). Objectification Theory and Psychology of Women: A Decade of Advances and Future Directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2010). Interoception in anxiety and depression. Brain Structure & Function, 214(5–6), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0258-9 Petzschner, F. H., Garfinkel, S. N., Paulus, M. P., Koch, C., & Khalsa, S. S. (2021). Computational Models of Interoception and Body Regulation. Trends in Neurosciences, 44(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.012 Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213 Raude, J., Lecrique, J.-M., Lasbeur, L., Leon, C., Guignard, R., du Roscoät, E., & Arwidson, P. (2020). Determinants of Preventive Behaviors in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in France: Comparing the Sociocultural, Psychosocial, and Social Cognitive Explanations. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 584500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584500 Rogers, R. W. (1975). A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change1. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803 Salvato, G., De Maio, G., Bottini, G. (2019). Interoceptive sensibility tunes risk-taking behaviour when body-related stimuli come into play. Scientific Reports, 9(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39061-0 Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., Spiegelhalter, D., & van der Linden, S. (2021). COVID-19 risk perception: A longitudinal analysis of its predictors and associations with health protective behaviours in the United Kingdom. Journal of Risk Research, 24(3–4), 294–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2021.1890637 Shields, S. A., Mallory, M. E., & Simon, A. (1989). The Body Awareness Questionnaire: Reliability and validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53(4), 802. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5304_16 Sipos, K., Sipos, M., & Spielberger, C. D. (1994). A State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) magyar változata [Hungarian version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)]. In F. Mérei & F. Szakács (Eds.), Pszichodiagnosztikai vademecum (Vol. 2, pp. 123–148). Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press. Tihanyi, B. T., Böőr, P., Emanuelsen, L., & Köteles, F. (2016). Mediators between yoga practice and psychological well-being: Mindfulness, body awareness, and satisfaction with body image. European Journal of Mental Health, 11(01–02), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.5708/EJMH.11.2016.1-2.7 Urbán, R., Paksi, B., Miklósi, Á., Saunders, J. B., & Demetrovics, Z. (2021). Non-adherence to preventive behaviours during the COVID-19 epidemic: Findings from a community study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1462. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11506-0 Uzzoli, A., Kovács, S. Z., Páger, B., & Szabó, T. (2021). A hazai COVID–19-járványhullámok területi különbségei [Territorial differences in the waves of the COVID-19 epidemic within the country]. Területi Statisztika, 61(3), 291–319. https://doi.org/10.15196/TS610302 Vabba, A., Porciello, G., Monti, A., Panasiti, M. S., Aglioti, S. M. (2022). A Longitudinal Study of Interoception Changes in the Times of COVID-19: Effects on Psychophysiological Health (SSRN Scholarly Paper 4216133). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4216133 Vig, L., Köteles, F., & Ferentzi, E. (2022). Questionnaires of interoception do not assess the same construct. PLOS One, 17(8), e0273299. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273299 Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729 Wise, T., Zbozinek, T. D., Michelini, G., Hagan, C. C., & Mobbs, D. (2020). Changes in risk perception and self-reported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Royal Society Open Science, 7(9), 200742. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200742 Witthöft, M., Bräscher, A.-K., Jungmann, S. M., & Köteles, F. (2020). Somatic Symptom Perception and Interoception. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 228(2), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000403 Witthöft, M., Jungmann, S. M., Germer, S., Bräscher, A.-K. (2022). Early Adverse Effects of Behavioural Preventive Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: An Online General Population Survey. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 4(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.32872/cpe.7205