Self-affirmation impacts behavioral intentions but not preferences for delayed outcomes

Adams, 2009, The role of time perspective in smoking cessation amongst older English adults, Health Psychology, 28, 529, 10.1037/a0015198 Adams, 2009, Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: An empirical study, British Journal of Health Psychology, 14, 83, 10.1348/135910708X299664 Aiken, 1991 Armitage, 2010, Test of a brief theory of planned behaviour-based intervention to promote adolescent safe sex intentions, British Journal of Psychology, 101, 155, 10.1348/000712609X431728 Armitage, 2011, Evidence that self-affirmation reduces alcohol consumption: Randomized exploratory trial with a new, brief means of self-affirming, Health Psychology, 30, 633, 10.1037/a0023738 Bagozzi, 1998, Goal-directed emotions, Cognition and Emotion, 12, 1, 10.1080/026999398379754 Bickel, 2012, Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 134, 287, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004 Bickel, 2011, Remember the future: Working memory training decreases delay discounting among stimulant addicts, Biological Psychiatry, 69, 260, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.017 Bixter, 2014, Contagion effects in intertemporal decision making, 1929 Black, 2011, A money management-based substance use treatment increases valuation of future rewards, Addictive Behaviors, 36, 125, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.014 Brown, 1995, Truth and consequences: The costs and benefits of accurate self-knowledge, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1288, 10.1177/01461672952112006 Callan, 2009, Foregoing the labor for the fruits: The effect of just world threat on the desire for immediate monetary rewards, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 246, 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.013 Callan, 2011, Personal relative deprivation, delay discounting, and gambling, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 955, 10.1037/a0024778 Cooke, 2014, Self-affirmation promotes physical activity, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36, 217, 10.1123/jsep.2013-0041 Craig, 2003, International physical activity questionnaire: 12-Country reliability and validity, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 195, 1381, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB Critcher, 2015, Self-affirmations provide a broader perspective on self-threat, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 3, 10.1177/0146167214554956 Dai, 2009, Reward contrast in delay and probability discounting, Learning and Behavior, 37, 281, 10.3758/LB.37.3.281 Daugherty, 2010, Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective, Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 202, 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.007 Ditto, 1995, Perceived accuracy of favorable and unfavorable psychological deedback, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16, 137, 10.1080/01973533.1995.9646106 Ditto, 1992, Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 568, 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.568 Epton, 2008, Self-affirmation promotes health behavior change, Health Psychology, 27, 746, 10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.746 Epton, 2015, The impact of self-affirmation on health-behavior change: A meta-analysis, Health Psychology, 34, 187, 10.1037/hea0000116 Falk, 2015, Self-affirmation alters the brain's response to health messages and subsequent behavior change, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1 Fellows, 2005, Dissociable elements of human foresight: A role for the ventromedial frontal lobes in framing the future, but not in discounting future rewards, Neuropsychologia, 43, 1214, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.07.018 Fuchs, 1980 Giner-Sorolla, 1997, Selective use of heuristic and systematic processing under defense motivation, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 84, 10.1177/0146167297231009 Hall, 2003, The effects of a brief time perspective intervention for increasing physical activity among young adults, Psychology & Health, 18, 685, 10.1080/0887044031000110447 Hall, 2014, Time perspective as a determinant of smoking cessation in four countries: Direct and mediated effects from the international tobacco control (ITC) 4-country surveys, Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1183, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.019 Hall, 2012, Do time perspective and sensation-seeking predict quitting activity among smokers? Findings from the international tobacco control (ITC) four country survey, Addictive Behaviors, 37, 1307, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.022 Hall, 2015, Time perspective as a predictor of healthy behaviors and disease-mediating states Harris, 2009, The impact of self-affirmation on health cognition, health behaviour and other health-related responses: A narrative review, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 962, 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00233.x Harris, 2005, Self-affirmation and the biased processing of threatening health-risk information, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1250, 10.1177/0146167205274694 Harris, 2014, Combining self-affirmation with implementation intentions to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, Health Psychology, 33, 729, 10.1037/hea0000065 Henson, 2006, Associations among health behaviors and time perspective in young adults: model testing with boot-strapping replication, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 127, 10.1007/s10865-005-9027-2 Kanten, 2011, The effect of construal level on predictions of task duration, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1037, 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.005 Keough, 2010, Who's smoking, drinking, and using Drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 149, 10.1207/S15324834BA210207 Kimura, 2013, The biological effects of acute psychosocial stress on delay discounting, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 2300, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.04.019 Kirby, 1996, Delay-discounting probabilistic rewards: Rates decrease as amounts increase, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 100, 10.3758/BF03210748 Kirby, 1999, Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 78, 10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78 Klein, 2011, Feelings of vulnerability in response to threatening messages: Effects of self-affirmation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1237, 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.005 Koffarnus, 2013, Changing delay discounting in the light of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory: A review, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99, 32, 10.1002/jeab.2 Kunda, 1987, Motivated inference: Self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 636, 10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.636 Landes, 2012, Delay discounting decreases in those completing treatment for opioid dependence, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 302, 10.1037/a0027391 Liberman, 1992, Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 669, 10.1177/0146167292186002 Liberman, 1998, The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 5, 10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.5 Liberman, 2002, The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 523, 10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00535-8 Liberman, 2007, The effect of level of construal on the temporal distance of activity enactment, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 143, 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.009 Mahalingam, 2014, Who can wait for the future? A personality perspective, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 573, 10.1177/1948550613515007 Malkoc, 2010, Unstuck from the concrete: Carryover effects of abstract mindsets in intertemporal preferences, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 113, 112, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.07.003 Markus, 1987, The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective, Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299, 10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503 Meier, 2015, The inability of self-affirmations to decrease defensive bias towards an alcohol-related risk message among high-risk college students, Journal of American College Health, 63, 324, 10.1080/07448481.2014.1003377 Napper, 2009, Developing and testing a self-affirmation manipulation, Self and Identity, 8, 45, 10.1080/15298860802079786 Peters, 2010, Episodic future thinking reduces reward delay discounting through an enhancement of prefrontal-mediotemporal interactions, Neuron, 66, 138, 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.026 Piko, 2005, A culture-based study of personal and social influences of adolescent smoking, European Journal of Public Health, 15, 393, 10.1093/eurpub/cki008 Preacher, 2006, Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437, 10.3102/10769986031004437 Rabiau, 2006, The external quest for optimal balance between maximizing pleasure and minimizing harm: The compensatory health beliefs model, British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 139, 10.1348/135910705X52237 Read, 2005, Four score and seven years from now: The date/delay effect in temporal discounting, Management Science, 51, 1326, 10.1287/mnsc.1050.0412 Reed, 1998, Self-affirmation reduces biased processing of health risk information, Motivation and Emotion, 22, 1998, 10.1023/A:1021463221281 Samuelson, 1937, A note on measurement of utility, The Review of Economic Studies, 4, 155, 10.2307/2967612 Schmeichel, 2009, Self-affirmation and self-control: Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 770, 10.1037/a0014635 Sherman, 2006, The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory, 183, 10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38004-5 Sherman, 2013, Self-affirmation: Understanding the effects, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11, 834, 10.1111/spc3.12072 Sherman, 2013, Deflecting the trajectory and changing the narrative: How self-affirmation affects academic performance and motivation under identity threat, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 591, 10.1037/a0031495 Sherman, 2000, Do messages about health risks threaten the self? Increasing the acceptance of threatening health messages via self-affirmation, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1046, 10.1177/01461672002611003 Sjöström, 2005 Steele, 1988, The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self, 261, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4 Steptoe, 2003, Psychological factors associated with fruit and vegetable intake and with biomarkers in adults from a low-income neighborhood, Health Psychology, 22, 148, 10.1037/0278-6133.22.2.148 Strathman, 1994, The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 742, 10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.742 Sweeney, 2015, Self-affirmation and responses to health messages: A meta-analysis on intentions and behavior, Health Psychology, 34, 149, 10.1037/hea0000110 Trope, 2003, Temporal construal, Psychological Review, 110, 403, 10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403 Trope, 2010, Construal-level theory of psychological distance, Psychological Review, 117, 440, 10.1037/a0018963 Ungemach, 2011, How incidental values from the environment affect decisions about money, risk, and delay, Psychological Science, 22, 253, 10.1177/0956797610396225 Wakslak, 2009, Cognitive consequences of affirming the self: The relationship between self-affirmation and object construal, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 927, 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.002 Wardle, 2003, Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57, 440, 10.1136/jech.57.6.440 Wallace, 1956, Future time perspective in schizophrenia, Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 52, 240, 10.1037/h0039899 Wileman, 2014, Evidence that self-affirmation improves phosphate control in hemodialysis patients: A pilot cluster randomized controlled trial, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 48, 275, 10.1007/s12160-014-9597-8 Wilson, 2004, Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future?, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 7, S177, 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0134 Zimbardo, 1999, Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271, 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271