Responses of Mud Snails and Periwinkles to Environmental Odors and Disaccharide Mimics of Fish Odor
Tóm tắt
Estuarine snails, periwinkles (Littoraria irorata), and mud snails (Ilyanassa obsoleta) were tested for behavioral responses to aqueous extracts of tissue macerates, odors of living intact organisms, and to disaccharides derived from heparin. Extracts included salt-marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), crushed periwinkles, and crushed mud snails. Odors included live periwinkles, mud snails, stone crab (Menippe mercenaria), striped hermit crab (Clibanarius vittatus), tulip snail (Fasciolaria hunteria), and mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Responses were determined upon contact by snails of a ring of solution in the bottom of an otherwise dry bowl and by presenting snails in seawater with 25 μl of solution on a cotton swab. In each test, the response of 30 individuals was determined. Behaviors were recorded as fed, alarm, and no response. The strongest alarm response (>80% of all snails tested) in both snails was elicited by crushed mud snails. The strongest feeding response was to shrimp and periwinkle extract for mud snails (>70%), and salt-marsh cordgrass extract attracted periwinkles. High percentages of mud snails and periwinkles fled in response to the odors of intact snail predators, stone crabs, tulip snails, and mummichogs. Mud snails and periwinkles did not flee in response to nonpredator odors, including each other's odor, as well as that of hermit crabs, shrimp, and marsh cordgrass. Heparin disaccharides were tested because other studies reported that biological activity of predatory fish odor is due to similar disaccharides originating from fish mucus. Mud snail responses to disaccharides indicate that they respond to the same kinds of molecules as crustacean larvae and that the modified amine on the disaccharide is essential for activity. The Q-tip assay is appropriate for bioassay-directed purification of alarm signals originating in fish body odor.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Appleton, R. D., and Palmer, A. R. 1988. Water-borne stimuli released by predatory crabs and damaged prey induce more predator-resistant shells in a marine gastropod. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:4387–4391.
Ashwell, G. 1955. The phenol-sulphuric acid reaction for carbohydrate. Methods Enzymol. 8:93–94.
Atema, J., and Burd, G. D. 1975. A field study of chemotactic responses of the marine mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus. J. Chem. Ecol. 1(2):243–251.
Atema, J., and Stenzler, D. 1977. Alarm substance of the marine mud snail Nassarius obsoletus: Biological characterization and possible evolution. J. Chem. Ecol. 3(2):173–187.
Baxter, D. A. 1983. The influence of habitat heterogeneity on the population ecology of Littorina irrorata (Say), the saltmarsh periwinkle. PhD thesis. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 124 pp.
Boriss, H., Boersma, M., and Wiltshire, K. H. 1999. Trimethylamine induces migration of water-fleas. Nature 398:382.
Bretz, D. D., and Dimock, R. V. 1983. Behaviorally important characteristics of the mucous trail of the marine gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say). J. Exp Mar. Biol. Ecol. 71:181–191.
Brooks, W. R., and Mariscal, R. N. 1985. Protection of the hermit crab Pagurus pollicaris (Say) from predators by hydroid-colonized shells. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 87:111–118.
Caldwell, R. L. 1979. Cavity occupation and defensive behaviour in the stomatopod Gonodactylus festai: Evidence for chemically mediated individual recognition. Anim. Behav. 27:194–201.
Caldwell, R. L. 1985. A test of individual recognition in the stomatopod Gonodactylus festati. Anim. Behav. 33(1):101–106.
Carr, W. E. S. 1967a. Chemoreception in the mud snail Nassarius obsoletus. I. Properties of stimulatory substances extracted from shrimp. Biol. Bull. 133:90–105.
Carr, W. E. S. 1967b. Chemoreception of the mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus. II. Identification of stimulatory substances. Biol. Bull. 133:106–127.
Carr, W. E., Hall, E., and Gurin, S. 1974. Chemoreception and the role of proteins: A comparative study. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 47A:559–566.
Carriker, M. R. 1955. Critical Reviews of Biology and Control of Oyster Drills Urosalpinx and Eupleura. Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 148. Washington, D.C.
Chivers, D. P., and Smith, R. J. F. 1998. Chemical alarm signaling in aquatic predator-prey systems: A review and prospectus. Ecoscience 5(3):338–352.
Crisp, M. 1969. Studies on the behavior of Nassarius obsoletus (Say) (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Biol. Bull. 136:335–373.
Crisp, D. J. 1984. Overview of research on marine invertebrate larvae, 1940–1980, pp. 103-126, in J. D. Costlow and R. C. Tipper (eds.). Marine Biodeterioration: An Interdisciplinary Study. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland.
Crowl, T. A., and Covich, A. P. 1990. Predator induced life-history shifts in a freshwater snail. Science 247:949–951.
Curtis, L. A. 1985. The influence of sex and trematode parasites on carrion response of the estuarine snail Ilyanassa obsoleta. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 169(2):377–390.
Curtis, L. A. 1987. Vertical distribution of an estuarine snail altered by a parasite. Science 235:1509–1511.
Curtis, L. A., and Hurd, L. E. 1981. Nutrient procurement strategy of a deposit feeding estuarine enogastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci. 13:277–285.
Diaz, H., Orihuela, B., Forward, R. B., Jr., and Rittschof, D. 1994. Chemically stimulated visual orientation and shape discrimination by the hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc). J. Crustacean Biol. 14:20–26.
Diaz, H., Orihuela, B., Forward, R. B., Jr., and Rittschof, D. 1999. Orientation of blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun), megalopae: Responses to visual and chemical cues. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. In press.
Dimock, R. V., and Parno, J. R. 1981. Bi-modal sensitivity to monochromatic light by the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 7:291–296.
Dix, T. L., and Hamilton, P. V. 1993. Chemically mediated escape behavior in the marsh periwinkle Littoraria irrorata Say. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 166:135–149.
Dunn, D. C. 1982. An examination of cues involved in mucous trail following by the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta. MA thesis. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 35 pp.
Duval, M. A., Calzetta, A. M., and Rittschof, D. 1994. Behavioral responses of Littorina irrorata (Say) to water-borne odors. J. Chem. Ecol. 20:3321–3334.
Forward, R. B., Jr., and Rittschof, D. 1993. Activation of photoresponses of brine shrimp nauplii involved in diel vertical migration by chemical cues from fish. J. Plankton Res. 15:639–701.
Forward, R. B., Jr., and Rittschof, D. 1999a. Brine shrimmp larval photoresponses involved in diel vertical migration: Activation by fish mucus and modified amino sugars. Limnol. Oceanog. 44:1904–1916.
Forward, R. B., Jr., and Rittschof, D. 1999b. Alteration of photoresponses involved in diel vertical migration of a crab larva by fish mucus and degradation products for mucopolysaccharides. Limnol. Oceanog. In press.
Forward, R. B., Jr., Rittschof, D., and De Vries, M. C. 1987. Peptide pheromones synchronize crustacean egg hatching and larval release. Chem. Sens. 12(3):491–498.
Gleeson, R. A. 1980. Pheromone communication in the reproductive behavior of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 7:119–134.
Gore, R. H. 1966. Observations on the escape response in Nassarius vibex (Say), (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bull. Mar. Sci. 16:423–434.
Hamilton, P. V. 1976. Predation on Littorina irrorata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by Callinectes sapidus (Crustacea: Portunidae). Bull. Mar. Sci. 26:403–409.
Hamilton, P. V. 1977a. The use of mucus trails in gastropod orientation studies. Malacol. Rev. 10:73–76.
Hamilton, P. V. 1977b. Daily movements and visual location of plant stems by Littorina irrorata (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Mar. Behav. Physiol. 4:293–304.
Hazlett, B. A. 1990. Source and nature of disturbance chemical system in crayfish Orconectes virilis. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:2263–2276.
Hazlett, B. A., and Rittschof, D. 1997. Multiple mechanisms of resource acquisition in hermit crabs: Scrums and odor-induced grasping (Decapoda, Diogenidae). Crustaceana 70(1): 68–74.
Jeanloz, R. W. 1970. Mucopolysaccharides of higher animals, pp. 589-625, In W. Pigman and D. Horton (eds.). The Carbohydrates: Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2nd ed., Vol. IIB. Academic Press, New York.
Kats, L. B., and Dill, L. M. 1998. The scent of death: Chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals. Ecoscience 5(3):361–394.
Kratt, C. M., and Rittschof, D. 1991. Peptide attraction of hermit crabs Clibanarius vittatus Bosc: Roles of enzymes and substrates. J. Chem. Ecol. 17(12):2347–2365.
McLean, R. B. 1974. Direct shell acquisition by hermit crabs from gastropods. Experientia 30(2):206–208.
McKelvey, L. M. 1997. Planktivore chemical cues mediate zooplankton diel vertical migration. PhD thesis. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 194 pp.
McKelvey, L. M., and Forward, R. B., Jr. 1995. Activation of brine shrimp photoresponses involved in diel vertical migration by chemical cues from visual and non-visual predators. J. Plankton Res. 17:2191–2206.
Oberdoerster, E., Rittschof, D., and McClellan-Green, P. 1998. Testosterone metabolism in imposex and normal I. obsoleta: Studies with field collected and TBT Cl-induced imposex snails. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 36:144–151.
Orihuela, B., Diaz, H., Forward, R. B., Jr., and Rittschof, D. 1992. Orientation of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc) to visual cues: Effects of mollusc chemical cues. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 164:193–208.
Ringelberg, J., and Van Gool, E. 1998. Do bacteria, not fish, produce “fish kairomones”? J. Plankton Res. 20:1847–1952.
Rittschof, D. 1980a. Chemical attraction of hermit crabs and other attendants to gastropod predation sites. J. Chem. Ecol. 6(1):103–118.
Rittschof, D. 1980b. Enzymatic production of small molecules attracting hermit crabs to simulated gastropod predation sites. J. Chem. Ecol. 6(3):665–675.
Rittschof, D. 1985. Oyster drills and the frontiers of chemical ecology: Unsettling ideas. Am. Malacol. Bull. Spec. Ed. 1:111–116.
Rittschof, D. 1993. Body odors and neutral-basic peptide mimics: A review of responses by marine organisms. Am. Zool. 33:487–493.
Rittschof, D., and Hazlett, B. A. 1997. Behavioral responses of hermit crabs Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc) to shell cues, other stimuli and predator odor. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 77(3):737–751.
Rittschof, D., Kratt, C. M., and Clare, A. S. 1990. Gastropod predation sites: The roles of predator and prey in chemical attraction of the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 70:583–596.
Rittschof, D., Tsai, D. W., Massey, P. G., Blanco, L., Kueber, G. L., Jr., and Haas, R. J., Jr. 1992. Chemical mediation of behavior in hermit crabs: Alarm and aggregation cues. J. Chem. Ecol. 18(7):959–984.
Rittschof, D., Forward, R. B., Jr., Cannon, G., Welch, J. M., McClary, M., Jr., Holm, E. R., Clare, A. S., Conova, S., McKelvey, L. M., Bryan, P., and Van Dover, C. 1998. Cues and context: Larval responses to physical and chemical cues. Biofouling 12(1–3):31–44.
Schiffmann, E. 1982. Leukocyte chemotaxis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 44:553–568.
Simkiss, K., and Wilbur, K. M. 1977. The molluscan epidermis and its secretion. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 39:35–76.
Snyder, N. F. R. 1967. An alarm reaction of aquatic gastropods to intraspecific extract. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stan. Mem. 403. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Stenzler, D., and Atema, J. 1977. Alarm response of the marine mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus: Specificity and behavioral priority. J. Chem. Ecol. 3(2):159–171.
Stirling, D., and Hamilton, P. V. 1986. Observations on the mechanism of detecting mucous trail polarity in the snail Littorina irrorata. Veliger 29:31–37.
Tegtmeyer, K., and Rittschof, D. 1989. Synthetic peptide analogs to barnacle settlement pheromone. Peptides 9:1404–1406.
Trott, T. J., and Dimock, R. V., Jr. 1978. Intraspecific trail following by the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 5:91–101.
Von Elert, E., and Loose, C. J. 1996. Predator-induced diel vertical migration in Daphnia: Enrichment and preliminary chemical characterization of a kairomone exuded by fish. J. Chem. Ecol. 22:885–895.
Walpole, R. E. 1974. Introduction to Statistics. Macmillan, New York, 340 pp.
Warren, J. H. 1985. Climbing as an avoidance behaviour in the salt marsh periwinkle Littorina irrorata (Say). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 89:11–28.
Zimmer-Fuast, R. K., and Tamburi, M. N. 1994. Chemical identity and ecological implications of a waterborne larval settlement cue. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39:1075–1087.