Renal Control of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Homeostasis

Hebert, 1996, The scent of an ion: Calcium-sensing and its roles in health and disease, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 5, 45, 10.1097/00041552-199601000-00009

Johnson, 1994, Renal and intestinal calcium transport: Roles of vitamin D and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding proteins, Semin Nephrol, 14, 119

Kumar, 1995, Calcium transport in epithelial cells of the intestine and kidney, J Cell Biochem, 57, 392, 10.1002/jcb.240570304

Keller, 2013, The role of the gastrointestinal tract in calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling, Osteoporos Int, 24, 2737, 10.1007/s00198-013-2335-4

Friedman, 1995, Cellular calcium transport in renal epithelia: Measurement, mechanisms, and regulation, Physiol Rev, 75, 429, 10.1152/physrev.1995.75.3.429

Felsenfeld, 2013, New insights in regulation of calcium homeostasis, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 22, 371, 10.1097/MNH.0b013e328362141e

Riccardi, 2010, Physiology and pathophysiology of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 298, F485, 10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2009

Ferrè, 2012, Sensing mechanisms involved in Ca2+ and Mg2+ homeostasis, Kidney Int, 82, 1157, 10.1038/ki.2012.179

Houillier, 2013, Calcium-sensing in the kidney, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 22, 566

Loupy, 2012, PTH-independent regulation of blood calcium concentration by the calcium-sensing receptor, J Clin Invest, 122, 3355, 10.1172/JCI57407

Toka, 2012, Deficiency of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney causes parathyroid hormone-independent hypocalciuria, J Am Soc Nephrol, 23, 1879, 10.1681/ASN.2012030323

Lambers, 2006, Coordinated control of renal Ca2+ handling, Kidney Int, 69, 650, 10.1038/sj.ki.5000169

Hoenderop, 2002, Molecular mechanism of active Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal nephron, Annu Rev Physiol, 64, 529, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155921

Mensenkamp, 2006, Recent advances in renal tubular calcium reabsorption, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 15, 524, 10.1097/01.mnh.0000242179.38739.fb

Goodman, 2008, Development and progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease: Lessons from molecular genetics, Kidney Int, 74, 276, 10.1038/sj.ki.5002287

Dusso, 2005, Vitamin D, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 289, F8, 10.1152/ajprenal.00336.2004

Holick, 2007, Vitamin D deficiency, N Engl J Med, 357, 266, 10.1056/NEJMra070553

Biber, 2013, Phosphate transporters and their function, Annu Rev Physiol, 75, 535, 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183748

Marks, 2010, Phosphate homeostasis and the renal-gastrointestinal axis, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 299, F285, 10.1152/ajprenal.00508.2009

Blaine, 2011, The regulation of renal phosphate transport, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 18, 77, 10.1053/j.ackd.2011.01.005

Forster, 2006, Proximal tubular handling of phosphate: A molecular perspective, Kidney Int, 70, 1548, 10.1038/sj.ki.5001813

Azzarolo, 1991, Some characteristics of sodium-independent phosphate transport across renal basolateral membranes, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1064, 229, 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90306-S

Murer, 2004, The sodium phosphate cotransporter family SLC34, Pflugers Arch, 447, 763, 10.1007/s00424-003-1072-5

Magagnin, 1993, Expression cloning of human and rat renal cortex Na/Pi cotransport, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90, 5979, 10.1073/pnas.90.13.5979

Segawa, 2002, Growth-related renal type II Na/Pi cotransporter, J Biol Chem, 277, 19665, 10.1074/jbc.M200943200

Villa-Bellosta, 2009, The Na+-Pi cotransporter PiT-2 (SLC20A2) is expressed in the apical membrane of rat renal proximal tubules and regulated by dietary Pi, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 296, F691, 10.1152/ajprenal.90623.2008

Segawa, 2009, Npt2a and Npt2c in mice play distinct and synergistic roles in inorganic phosphate metabolism and skeletal development, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 297, F671, 10.1152/ajprenal.00156.2009

Beck, 1998, Targeted inactivation of Npt2 in mice leads to severe renal phosphate wasting, hypercalciuria, and skeletal abnormalities, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 5372, 10.1073/pnas.95.9.5372

Tenenhouse, 2003, Differential effects of Npt2a gene ablation and X-linked Hyp mutation on renal expression of Npt2c, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 285, F1271, 10.1152/ajprenal.00252.2003

Bacconi, 2005, Renouncing electroneutrality is not free of charge: Switching on electrogenicity in a Na+-coupled phosphate cotransporter, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 12606, 10.1073/pnas.0505882102

Virkki, 2005, Substrate interactions in the human type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIa), Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 288, F969, 10.1152/ajprenal.00293.2004

Ravera, 2007, Deciphering PiT transport kinetics and substrate specificity using electrophysiology and flux measurements, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 293, C606, 10.1152/ajpcell.00064.2007

Virkki, 2007, Phosphate transporters: A tale of two solute carrier families, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 293, F643, 10.1152/ajprenal.00228.2007

Breusegem, 2009, Differential regulation of the renal sodium-phosphate cotransporters NaPi-IIa, NaPi-IIc, and PiT-2 in dietary potassium deficiency, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 297, F350, 10.1152/ajprenal.90765.2008

Déliot, 2005, Parathyroid hormone treatment induces dissociation of type IIa Na+-P(i) cotransporter-Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor-1 complexes, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 289, C159, 10.1152/ajpcell.00456.2004

Millar, 1998, Rapid analysis of epitope-paratope interactions between HIV-1 and a 17-amino-acid neutralizing microantibody by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Eur J Biochem, 258, 164, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2580164.x

Lederer, 2003, Role of NHERF-1 in regulation of the activity of Na-K ATPase and sodium-phosphate co-transport in epithelial cells, J Am Soc Nephrol, 14, 1711, 10.1097/01.ASN.0000072744.67971.21

Mahon, 2003, Na+/H+ exchanger-regulatory factor 1 mediates inhibition of phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone and second messengers by acting at multiple sites in opossum kidney cells, Mol Endocrinol, 17, 2355, 10.1210/me.2003-0043

Blaine, 2009, PTH-induced internalization of apical membrane NaPi2a: Role of actin and myosin VI, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 297, C1339, 10.1152/ajpcell.00260.2009

Berndt, 2007, Phosphatonins and the regulation of phosphate homeostasis, Annu Rev Physiol, 69, 341, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.040705.141729

Hasegawa, 2010, Direct evidence for a causative role of FGF23 in the abnormal renal phosphate handling and vitamin D metabolism in rats with early-stage chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 78, 975, 10.1038/ki.2010.313

Kurnik, 1985, Mechanism of stimulation of renal phosphate transport by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, Biochim Biophys Acta, 817, 42, 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90066-5

Levi, 1995, Dexamethasone modulates rat renal brush border membrane phosphate transporter mRNA and protein abundance and glycosphingolipid composition, J Clin Invest, 96, 207, 10.1172/JCI118022

Faroqui, 2008, Estrogen downregulates the proximal tubule type IIa sodium phosphate cotransporter causing phosphate wasting and hypophosphatemia, Kidney Int, 73, 1141, 10.1038/ki.2008.33

Cannata-Andía, 2010, Estrogens and bone disease in chronic kidney disease: Role of FGF23, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 19, 354, 10.1097/MNH.0b013e328338f508

Alcalde, 1999, Role of thyroid hormone in regulation of renal phosphate transport in young and aged rats, Endocrinology, 140, 1544, 10.1210/endo.140.4.6658

Ishiguro, 2010, Thyroid hormones regulate phosphate homoeostasis through transcriptional control of the renal type IIa sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter (Npt2a) gene, Biochem J, 427, 161, 10.1042/BJ20090671

Weinman, 2010, Sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF-1) transduces signals that mediate dopamine inhibition of sodium-phosphate co-transport in mouse kidney, J Biol Chem, 285, 13454, 10.1074/jbc.M109.094359

Nowik, 2008, Renal phosphaturia during metabolic acidosis revisited: Molecular mechanisms for decreased renal phosphate reabsorption, Pflugers Arch, 457, 539, 10.1007/s00424-008-0530-5

Biber, 2009, Regulation of phosphate transport in proximal tubules, Pflugers Arch, 458, 39, 10.1007/s00424-008-0580-8

Magyar, 2000, Proximal tubule Na transporter responses are the same during acute and chronic hypertension, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 279, F358, 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.2.F358

Felsenfeld, 2012, Approach to treatment of hypophosphatemia, Am J Kidney Dis, 60, 655, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.03.024

Carpenter, 2012, The expanding family of hypophosphatemic syndromes, J Bone Miner Metab, 30, 1, 10.1007/s00774-011-0340-2

Gravelyn, 1988, Hypophosphatemia-associated respiratory muscle weakness in a general inpatient population, Am J Med, 84, 870, 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90065-4

Markowitz, 2009, Acute phosphate nephropathy, Kidney Int, 76, 1027, 10.1038/ki.2009.308

Kendrick, 2011, Phosphate and cardiovascular disease, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 18, 113, 10.1053/j.ackd.2010.12.003

Ben-Dov, 2007, The parathyroid is a target organ for FGF23 in rats, J Clin Invest, 117, 4003

Whang, 1994, Magnesium homeostasis and clinical disorders of magnesium deficiency, Ann Pharmacother, 28, 220, 10.1177/106002809402800213

Konrad, 2004, Insights into the molecular nature of magnesium homeostasis, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 286, F599, 10.1152/ajprenal.00312.2003

Topf, 2003, Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia, Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 4, 195, 10.1023/A:1022950321817

Ayuk, 2011, How should hypomagnesaemia be investigated and treated?, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf, 75, 743, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04092.x

Agus, 1999, Hypomagnesemia, J Am Soc Nephrol, 10, 1616, 10.1681/ASN.V1071616

Quamme, 2008, Recent developments in intestinal magnesium absorption, Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 24, 230, 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f37b59

Fine, 1991, Intestinal absorption of magnesium from food and supplements, J Clin Invest, 88, 396, 10.1172/JCI115317

Schlingmann, 2002, Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia is caused by mutations in TRPM6, a new member of the TRPM gene family, Nat Genet, 31, 166, 10.1038/ng889

Walder, 2002, Mutation of TRPM6 causes familial hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia, Nat Genet, 31, 171, 10.1038/ng901

Ryazanova, 2010, TRPM7 is essential for Mg(2+) homeostasis in mammals, Nat Commun, 1, 109, 10.1038/ncomms1108

Milla, 1979, Studies in primary hypomagnesaemia: Evidence for defective carrier-mediated small intestinal transport of magnesium, Gut, 20, 1028, 10.1136/gut.20.11.1028

Karbach, 1989, Cellular-mediated and diffusive magnesium transport across the descending colon of the rat, Gastroenterology, 96, 1282, 10.1016/S0016-5085(89)80015-0

Jüttner, 1998, Characterization of Mg2+ transport in brush border membrane vesicles of rabbit ileum studied with mag-fura-2, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1370, 51, 10.1016/S0005-2736(97)00242-3

Anderson, 2009, Physiology and function of the tight junction, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 1, a002584, 10.1101/cshperspect.a002584

Shen, 2011, Tight junction pore and leak pathways: A dynamic duo, Annu Rev Physiol, 73, 283, 10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142150

Amasheh, 2011, Claudins of intestine and nephron - A correlation of molecular tight junction structure and barrier function, Acta Physiol (Oxf, 201, 133, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02148.x

Günzel, 2013, Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability, Physiol Rev, 93, 525, 10.1152/physrev.00019.2012

Lameris, 2013, Omeprazole enhances the colonic expression of the Mg(2+) transporter TRPM6, Pflugers Arch, 465, 1613, 10.1007/s00424-013-1306-0

Hess, 2012, Systematic review: Hypomagnesaemia induced by proton pump inhibition, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 36, 405, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05201.x

Bindels, 2010, 2009 Homer W. Smith Award: Minerals in motion: From new ion transporters to new concepts, J Am Soc Nephrol, 21, 1263, 10.1681/ASN.2010010001

Quamme, 2010, Molecular identification of ancient and modern mammalian magnesium transporters, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 298, C407, 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2009

Ferrè, 2011, Insight into renal Mg2+ transporters, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 20, 169, 10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283435ee4

Tyler Miller, 2013, Control of renal calcium, phosphate, electrolyte, and water excretion by the calcium-sensing receptor, Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 27, 345, 10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.009

Haisch, 2011, The role of tight junctions in paracellular ion transport in the renal tubule: Lessons learned from a rare inherited tubular disorder, Am J Kidney Dis, 57, 320, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.08.038

Haisch, 2012, Impaired paracellular ion transport in the loop of Henle causes familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1258, 177, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06544.x

Hebert, 1996, Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor: Implications for calcium and magnesium handling in the kidney, Kidney Int, 50, 2129, 10.1038/ki.1996.539

Wang, 1996, Cytochrome P-450 metabolites mediate extracellular Ca(2+)-induced inhibition of apical K+ channels in the TAL, Am J Physiol, 271, C103, 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.1.C103

Breiderhoff, 2012, Deletion of claudin-10 (Cldn10) in the thick ascending limb impairs paracellular sodium permeability and leads to hypermagnesemia and nephrocalcinosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109, 14241, 10.1073/pnas.1203834109

Petrelli, 2012, Risk of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody-related hypomagnesemia: Systematic review and pooled analysis of randomized studies, Expert Opin Drug Saf, 11, S9, 10.1517/14740338.2011.606213

Goytain, 2005, Functional characterization of human SLC41A1, a Mg2+ transporter with similarity to prokaryotic MgtE Mg2+ transporters, Physiol Genomics, 21, 337, 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00261.2004

Kolisek, 2008, SLC41A1 is a novel mammalian Mg2+ carrier, J Biol Chem, 283, 16235, 10.1074/jbc.M707276200

Mandt, 2011, SLC41A1 Mg(2+) transport is regulated via Mg(2+)-dependent endosomal recycling through its N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, Biochem J, 439, 129, 10.1042/BJ20110807

Kolisek, 2012, Human gene SLC41A1 encodes for the Na+/Mg²+ exchanger, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 302, C318, 10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2011

Hurd, 2013, Mutation of the Mg2+ transporter SLC41A1 results in a nephronophthisis-like phenotype, J Am Soc Nephrol, 24, 967, 10.1681/ASN.2012101034

Stuiver, 2011, CNNM2, encoding a basolateral protein required for renal Mg2+ handling, is mutated in dominant hypomagnesemia, Am J Hum Genet, 88, 333, 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.02.005

Ferrè, 2014, Mutations in PCBD1 cause hypomagnesemia and renal magnesium wasting, J Am Soc Nephrol, 25, 574, 10.1681/ASN.2013040337

Elin, 1987, Assessment of magnesium status, Clin Chem, 33, 1965, 10.1093/clinchem/33.11.1965

Alfrey, 1974, Effect of age and magnesium depletion on bone magnesium pools in rats, J Clin Invest, 54, 1074, 10.1172/JCI107851

Lai, 1975, Bone composition and phosphatase activity in magnesium deficiency in rats, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 57, 516, 10.2106/00004623-197557040-00013

Burnell, 1986, Effects of dietary alteration of bicarbonate and magnesium on rat bone, Am J Physiol, 250, F302

Boskey, 1992, Effect of short-term hypomagnesemia on the chemical and mechanical properties of rat bone, J Orthop Res, 10, 774, 10.1002/jor.1100100605

Kenney, 1994, Effects of magnesium deficiency on strength, mass, and composition of rat femur, Calcif Tissue Int, 54, 44, 10.1007/BF00316289

Lameris, 2012, Drug-induced alterations in Mg2+ homoeostasis, Clin Sci (Lond, 123, 1, 10.1042/CS20120045

Dimke, 2013, Evaluation of hypomagnesemia: Lessons from disorders of tubular transport, Am J Kidney Dis, 62, 377, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.07.033

Whang, 1990, Frequency of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia. Requested vs routine, JAMA, 263, 3063, 10.1001/jama.1990.03440220087036

Thienpont, 1999, Serum complexed magnesium—A cautionary note on its estimation and its relevance for standardizing serum ionized magnesium, Clin Chem, 45, 154, 10.1093/clinchem/45.1.154a

Sanders, 1999, Magnesium in disease: A review with special emphasis on the serum ionized magnesium, Clin Chem Lab Med, 37, 1011, 10.1515/CCLM.1999.151

Huijgen, 2000, Magnesium levels in critically ill patients. What should we measure?, Am J Clin Pathol, 114, 688, 10.1309/JR9Y-PPTX-AJTC-QDRD

Külpmann, 1996, Relationship between ionized and total magnesium in serum, Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl, 224, 251, 10.3109/00365519609088645

Dewitte, 2004, Differences in serum ionized and total magnesium values during chronic renal failure between nondiabetic and diabetic patients: A cross-sectional study, Diabetes Care, 27, 2503, 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2503

van Angelen, 2013, Cisplatin-induced injury of the renal distal convoluted tubule is associated with hypomagnesaemia in mice, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 28, 879, 10.1093/ndt/gfs499

Dimke, 2010, Effects of the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib on magnesium handling, J Am Soc Nephrol, 21, 1309, 10.1681/ASN.2009111153