Remote Sensing of Mangrove Ecosystems: A Review

Remote Sensing - Tập 3 Số 5 - Trang 878-928
Claudia Kuenzer1, Andrea Bluemel2, Steffen Gebhardt3, Tuan Vo Quoc4, Stefan Dech1
1German Remote Sensing Data Centre, DFD of the German Aerospace Centre, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82234 Wessling, Germany
2Geofaktur Geoconsulting, D-65195 Wiesbaden, Germany
3Institute of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
4Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam

Tóm tắt

Mangrove ecosystems dominate the coastal wetlands of tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. They provide various ecological and economical ecosystem services contributing to coastal erosion protection, water filtration, provision of areas for fish and shrimp breeding, provision of building material and medicinal ingredients, and the attraction of tourists, amongst many other factors. At the same time, mangroves belong to the most threatened and vulnerable ecosystems worldwide and experienced a dramatic decline during the last half century. International programs, such as the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands or the Kyoto Protocol, underscore the importance of immediate protection measures and conservation activities to prevent the further loss of mangroves. In this context, remote sensing is the tool of choice to provide spatio-temporal information on mangrove ecosystem distribution, species differentiation, health status, and ongoing changes of mangrove populations. Such studies can be based on various sensors, ranging from aerial photography to high- and medium-resolution optical imagery and from hyperspectral data to active microwave (SAR) data. Remote-sensing techniques have demonstrated a high potential to detect, identify, map, and monitor mangrove conditions and changes during the last two decades, which is reflected by the large number of scientific papers published on this topic. To our knowledge, a recent review paper on the remote sensing of mangroves does not exist, although mangrove ecosystems have become the focus of attention in the context of current climate change and discussions of the services provided by these ecosystems. Also, climate change-related remote-sensing studies in coastal zones have increased drastically in recent years. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview and sound summary of all of the work undertaken, addressing the variety of remotely sensed data applied for mangrove ecosystem mapping, as well as the numerous methods and techniques used for data analyses, and to further discuss their potential and limitations.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Blasco, 2001, Depletion of the mangroves of continential Asia, Wetlands Ecol. Manage., 9, 245, 10.1023/A:1011169025815

Everitt, 2008, Using high resolution satellite imagery to map black mangrove on the Texas Gulf Coast, J. Coast. Res., 24, 1582, 10.2112/07-0987.1

Giri, 2007, Monitoring Mangrove forest dynamics of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India using multi-temporal satellite data from 1973 to 2000, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 73, 91, 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.019

Green, 1998, The assessment of mangrove areas using high resolution multispectral airborne imagery, J. Coast. Res., 14, 433

Seto, 2007, Mangrove conversion and aquaculture development in Vietnam: A remote sensing-based approach for evaluating the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Glob. Environ. Change, 17, 486, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.03.001

Vaiphasa, 2006, A post-classifier for mangrove mapping using ecological data, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 61, 1, 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2006.05.005

Valiela, 2001, Mangrove forests: One of the world’s threatened major tropical environments, Bioscience, 51, 807, 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0807:MFOOTW]2.0.CO;2

FAO (2007). The World’s Mangroves 1980–2005, FAO. Available online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1427e/a1427e00.pdf.

Aschbacher, 1995, An integrated comparative approach to mangrove vegetation mapping using advanced remote sensing and GIS technologies: Preliminary results, Hydrologica, 295, 285

Blasco, 1998, Recent advances in mangrove studies using remote sensing data, Mar. Freshwater Res., 49, 287, 10.1071/MF97153

2002, The use of remote sensing and GIS in the sustainable management of tropical coastal ecosystems, Environ. Develop. Sustain., 4, 93, 10.1023/A:1020887204285

Koedam, 2005, Remote sensing and ethnobotanical assessment of the mangrove forest changes in the Navachiste-San Ignacio-Macapule Lagoon Complex, Sinaloa, Mexico, Ecol. Soc., 10, art. 16, 10.5751/ES-01286-100116

Manson, 2001, Assessing techniques for estimating the extent of mangroves: topographic maps; aerial photographs and Landsat TM images, Mar. Freshwater Res., 52, 787, 10.1071/MF00052

Mumby, 1999, The cost-effectiveness of remote sensing for tropical coastal resources assessment and management, J. Environ. Manag., 55, 157, 10.1006/jema.1998.0255

Wang, 2009, Distinguishing mangrove species with laboratory measurements of hyperspectral leaf reflectance, Int. J. Remote Sens., 30, 1267, 10.1080/01431160802474014

Giri, C.P., Kratzschmar, E., Ofren, R.S., Pradhan, D., and Shrestha, S. (1996, January 4–8). Assessing Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Two Identified “Hot Spot” Areas: Oudomxay Province of Lao P.D.R. and Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Proceeding of The 17th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Green, 1996, A review of remote sensing for the assessment and management of tropical coastal resources, Coast. Manage., 24, 1, 10.1080/08920759609362279

Malthus, 2003, Remote sensing of the coastal zone: An overview and priorities for future research, Int. J. Remote Sens., 24, 2805, 10.1080/0143116031000066954

Rasolofoharinoro, 1998, A remote sensing based methodology for mangrove studies in Madagascar, Int. J. Remote Sens., 19, 1873, 10.1080/014311698215036

Selvam, 2003, Assessment of community-based restoration of Pichavaram mangrove wetland using remote sensing data, Curr. Sci., 85, 794

Tong, 2004, Assessment from space of mangroves evolution in the Mekong Delta; in relation to extensive shrimp farming, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 4795, 10.1080/01431160412331270858

Vaiphasa, 2005, Tropical mangrove species discrimination using hyperspectral data: A laboratory study, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 65, 371, 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.06.014

Verheyden, 2002, High-resolution vegetation data for mangrove research as obtained from aerial photography, Environ. Develop. Sustain., 4, 113, 10.1023/A:1020887510357

Wang, 2004, Comparison of IKONOS and QuickBird imagery for mapping mangrove species on the Caribbean coast of Panama, Remote Sens. Environ., 91, 432, 10.1016/j.rse.2004.04.005

Spalding, 1997, The global distribution and status of mangrove ecosystems, Int. NewsLett. Coast. Manage., 1, 20

Kathiresan, 2001, Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems, Adv. Mar. Biol., 40, 81, 10.1016/S0065-2881(01)40003-4

Lugo, 1974, The ecology of mangroves, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Systemat., 5, 39, 10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000351

Tomlinson, P.B. (1986). The Botany of Mangroves, Cambridge University Press.

Alongi, 2002, Present state and future of world’s mangrove forest, Environ. Conserv., 29, 331, 10.1017/S0376892902000231

Blasco, 1996, Mangroves as indicators of coastal change, Catena, 27, 167, 10.1016/0341-8162(96)00013-6

Alongi, 2008, Mangrove forests: Resilience; protection from tsunamis; and responses to global climate change, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 76, 1, 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024

Fromard, 2004, Half a century of dynamic coastal change affecting mangrove shorelines of French Guiana. A case study based on remote sensing data analyses and field surveys, Marine Geology, 208, 265, 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.04.018

Barbier, 2006, Natural barriers to natural disasters: Replanting mangroves after tsunami, Front. Ecol. Environ., 4, 124, 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0124:NBTNDR]2.0.CO;2

Cochard, 2008, The 2004 tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: A review on coastal ecosystems; wave hazards and vulnerability, Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Systemat., 10, 3, 10.1016/j.ppees.2007.11.001

Danielsen, 2005, The Asian tsunami: A protective role for coastal vegetation, Science, 310, 643, 10.1126/science.1118387

Kathiresan, 2005, Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 65, 601, 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.06.022

Kerr, 2006, Comments on “Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami” by Kathiresan K. and Rajendran N. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2005, 65, 601-606, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 67, 539, 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.12.012

Othman, 1994, Value of mangroves in coastal protection, Hydrobiologia, 285, 277, 10.1007/BF00005674

Vermaat, 2006, Mangroves mitigate tsunami damage: A further response, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 69, 1, 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.04.019

Blasco, 1992, Estimating the Extent of Floods in Bangladesh—Using SPOT Data, Remote Sens. Environ., 39, 167, 10.1016/0034-4257(92)90083-V

Jayatissa, 2005, How effective were mangroves as a defence against the recent tsunami?, Curr. Biol., 15, R443, 10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.008

Mazda, 1997, Mangroves as coastal protection from waves in the Tong King delta, Vietnam, Mangroves Salt Marshes, 1, 127, 10.1023/A:1009928003700

Mazda, 2002, Coastal erosion due to long-term human impact on mangrove forests, Wetlands Ecol. Manage., 10, 1, 10.1023/A:1014343017416

Gibson, 2005, An evaluation of the evidence for linkages between mangroves and fisheries: A synthesis of the literature and identification of research directions, Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 43, 485

Mumby, 2004, Mangrove enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean, Nature, 427, 533, 10.1038/nature02286

Nagelkerken, 2008, The habit function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review, Aquat. Bot., 89, 155, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007

Naylor, 2000, Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies, Nature, 405, 1017, 10.1038/35016500

Cannicci, 2008, Faunal impact on vegetation structure and ecosystem function in mangrove forests: A review, Aquat. Bot., 89, 186, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.01.009

Primavera, 1997, Socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture, Aquac. Res., 28, 815, 10.1111/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01006.x

Marshall, 1994, Mangrove conservation in relation to overall environmental considerations, Hydrobiologia, 285, 303, 10.1007/BF00005677

Walters, 2008, Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: A review, Aquat. Bot., 89, 220, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.02.009

Boullion, 2008, Mangrove production and carbon sinks: A revision of global budget estimates, Glob. Biochem. Cycles, 22, GB 2013

Kristensen, 2008, Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: A review, Aquat. Bot., 89, 201, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.005

Bandaranayake, 1998, Traditional and medicinal uses of mangroves, Mangroves Salt Marshes, 2, 133, 10.1023/A:1009988607044

Xie, 2010, Applying Value Transfer Method for Eco-Service Valuation in China, J. Resour. Ecol., 1, 51

UNEP-WCMC (2006). In the Front Line: Shoreline Protection and Other Ecosystem Services from Mangroves and Coral Reefs, UNEP-WCMC. Available online: http://new.unep.org/pdf/infrontline_06.pdf.

Costanza, 1997, The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, 387, 253, 10.1038/387253a0

Sathirathai, 2001, Valuing mangrove conservation in southern Thailand, Contemp. Economic Policy, 19, 109, 10.1111/j.1465-7287.2001.tb00054.x

Primavera, 2005, Mangroves, fishponds, and the quest for sustainability, Science, 310, 57, 10.1126/science.1115179

Primavera, 2006, Overcoming the impacts of aquaculture on the coastal zone, Ocean Coast. Manage., 49, 531, 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.018

Gilman, 2008, Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: A review, Aquat. Bot., 89, 237, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.009

EJF Available online: http://www.ejfoundation.org/pdf/farming_the_sea_costing_the_earth.pdf.

Lebel, 2002, Industrial transformation and shrimp aquaculture in Thaland and Vietnam: Pathways to ecological, social, and economic sustainability?, Ambio, 31, 311, 10.1579/0044-7447-31.4.311

Farnsworth, 1997, The global conservation status of mangroves, Ambio, 26, 328

Primavera, 2000, Development and conservation of Philippine mangroves: Institutional issues, Ecol. Economics, 35, 91, 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00170-1

Chan, H.T., and Baba, S. (2009). Manual on Guidelines for Rehabilitation of Coastal Forests Damaged by Natural Hazards in the Asia-Pacific Region, International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) and International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO).

Field, 1995, Impact of expected climate change on mangroves, Hydrobiologia, 295, 75, 10.1007/BF00029113

Gilman, 2008, Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: A review, Aquat. Bot., 89, 237, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.009

Gilman, 2006, Adapting to Pacific Island mangrove responses to sea level rise and climate change, Climate Res., 32, 161, 10.3354/cr032161

Krauss, 2008, Environmental drivers in mangrove establishment and early development: A review, Aquat. Bot., 89, 105, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.014

Bosire, 2008, Functionality of restored mangroves: A review, Aquat. Bot., 89, 251, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.03.010

Thu, 2007, Status and changes of mangrove forest in Mekong Delta: Case study in Tra Vinh, Vietnam, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 71, 98, 10.1016/j.ecss.2006.08.007

Field, 1999, Mangrove rehabilitation: Choice and necessity, Hydrobiologia, 413, 47, 10.1023/A:1003863415354

Kairo, 2001, Restoration and management of mangrove systems—A lesson for and from the East African region, South Afr. J. Bot., 67, 383, 10.1016/S0254-6299(15)31153-4

Ramsey, 1996, Remote sensing of mangrove wetlands: Relating canopy spectra to site-specific data, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing, 62, 939

Blackburn, 2003, Remote sensing of mangrove biophysical properties: Evidence from a laboratory simulation of the possible effects of background variation on spectral vegetation indices, Int. J. Remote Sens., 24, 53, 10.1080/01431160305012

Wang, 2008, Neural network classification of mangrove species from multi-seasonal Ikonos imagery, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing, 74, 921, 10.14358/PERS.74.7.921

Jones, 2004, Changes in distribution of grey mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) using large scale aerial color infrared photographs: Are changes related to habitat modification for mosquito control?, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 61, 45, 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.04.002

Gao, 1998, Hybrid method toward accurate mapping of mangroves in a marginal habitat from SPOT Multispectral data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 19, 1887, 10.1080/014311698215045

Kasischke, 1997, The Use of Imaging Radars for Ecological Applications—A Review, Remote Sens. Environ., 59, 141, 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00148-4

Mougin, 1999, Multifrequency and multipolarization radar backscattering from mangrove forests, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 37, 94, 10.1109/36.739128

Proisy, 2000, Interpretation of polarimetric radar signatures of mangrove forests, Remote Sens. Environ., 71, 56, 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00064-4

Proisy, 2002, On the influence of canopy structure on the radar backscattering mangrove forests, Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 4197, 10.1080/01431160110107725

Wang, 1993, Simulated and observed L-HH radar backscatter from tropical mangrove forests, Int. J. Remote Sens., 14, 2819, 10.1080/01431169308904311

Proisy, C., Mitchell, A., Lucas, R., Fromard, F., and Mougin, E. (2003, January 20–24). Estimation of Mangrove Biomass using Multifrequency Radar Data. Application to Mangroves of French Guiana and Northern Australia. Proceedings of the Mangrove 2003 Conference, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

Lucas, 2002, Use of stereo aerial photography for quantifying changes in the extent and height of mangroves in tropical Australia, Wetlands Ecol. Manage., 10, 161, 10.1023/A:1016547214434

Lucas, 2007, The potential of L-band SAR for quantifying mangrove characteristics and change: Case studies from the tropics, Aquat. Conserv., 17, 245, 10.1002/aqc.833

Kovacs, 2008, The Use of multipolarized spaceborne SAR backscatter for monitoring the health of a degraded mangrove forest, J. Coast. Res., 24, 248, 10.2112/06-0660.1

Green, 1998, Remote sensing techniques for mangrove mapping, Int. J. Remote Sens., 19, 935, 10.1080/014311698215801

Dale, 1996, Using image subtraction and classification to evaluate change in sub-tropical intertidal wetlands, Int. J. Remote Sens., 17, 703, 10.1080/01431169608949039

Jones, 2004, Changes in distribution of grey mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) unsing large scale aerial color infrared photographs: Are changes related to habitat modification for mosquito control?, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 61, 45, 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.04.002

Everitt, 1991, Evaluation of airborne video imagery for distinguishing black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) on the lower Texas Gulf Coast, J. Coast. Res., 7, 1169

Everitt, 1989, Using remote sensing techniques to distinguish and monitor black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), J. Coast. Res., 5, 737

Everitt, 1996, Integration of remote sensing and spatial information technologies for mapping black mangrove on the Texas Gulf Coast, J. Coast. Res., 12, 64

Everitt, 2007, Evaluation of color-infrared photography and digital imagery of map black mangrove on Texas Gulf Coast, J. Coast. Res., 23, 230, 10.2112/05-0480.1

Troell, 2002, Recent changes in land-use in the Pambala-Chilaw Lagoon complex (Sri Lanka) investigated using remote sensing and GIS: Conservation of mangroves vs. development of shrimp farming, Environ. Develop. Sustain., 4, 185, 10.1023/A:1020854413866

Sulong, 2002, Mangrove mapping using Landsat imagery and aerial photographs: Kemaman District; Terengganu; Malaysia, Environ. Develop. Sustain., 4, 135, 10.1023/A:1020844620215

Benfield, 2005, Temporal mangrove dynamics in relation to coastal developmentin Pacific Panama, J. Environ. Manage., 76, 263, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.02.004

Kairo, 2004, Human-impacted mangroves in Gazi (Kenya): predicting future vegetation based on retrospective remote sensing; social surveys; and distribution of trees, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 272, 77, 10.3354/meps272077

Damen, 2002, Monitoring a recent delta formation in a tropical coastal wetland using remote sensing and GIS. Case study: Guapo River delta, Laguna de Tacarigua, Venezuela, Environ. Develop. Sustain., 4, 201, 10.1023/A:1020830809448

Kairo, 2002, Application of remote sensing and GIS in the management of mangrove forests within and adjacent to Kiunga Marine Protected Area, Lamu, Kenya, Environ. Develop. Sustain., 4, 153, 10.1023/A:1020890711588

Lucas, R.M., Mitchell, A., and Proisy, C. (2002, January 4–6). The Use of Polarimetric AIRSAR (POLSAR) Data for Characterising Mangrove Communities. Proceedings of AIRSAR Earth Science and Application Workshop, Pasadena, CA, USA.

Binh, 2005, Land cover changes between 1968 and 2003 in Cai Nuoc, Ca Mau Peninsula, Vietnam, Environ. Develop. Sustain., 7, 519, 10.1007/s10668-004-6001-z

Coppin, 2004, Digital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: A review, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 1565, 10.1080/0143116031000101675

2002, Use of SPOT images as a tool for coastal zone management and monitoring of environmental impacts in the coastal zone, Opt. Eng., 41, 2144, 10.1117/1.1496786

Bonn, 2006, Assessment of land-cover changes related to shrimp aquaculture using remote sensing data: A case in the Giao Thury District, Vietnam, Int. J. Remote Sens., 27, 1491, 10.1080/01431160500406888

2002, Land use mapping and change detection in the coastal zone of northwest Mexico using remote sensing techniques, J. Coast. Res., 18, 514

Chatterjee, B., Prowal, M.C., and Hussin, Y.A. (2008, January 3–11). Assessment of Tsunami Damage to Mangrove in India Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Proceedings of XXI ISPRS Congress, Beijing, China. Part B8.

Conchedda, 2008, An object-based method for mapping and change analysis in mangrove ecosystems, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 63, 578, 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2008.04.002

Giri, 2008, Mangrove forest distribution and dynamics in Madagascar (1975–2005), Sensors, 8, 2104, 10.3390/s8042104

Kovacs, 2001, Mapping disturbances in a mangrove forest using multi-date Landsat TM imagery, Environ. Manage., 27, 763, 10.1007/s002670010186

Muttitanon, 2005, Land use/land cover changes in coastal zone of Ban Don Bay, Thailand using Landsat 5 TM data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 26, 2311, 10.1080/0143116051233132666

Ramasubramanian, 2006, Mangroves of Godavari—Analysis through remote sensing approach, Wetlands Ecol. Manage., 14, 29, 10.1007/s11273-005-2175-x

1999, Modifications in coverage patterns and land use around the Huizache-Caimanero lagoon system, Sinaloa, Mexico: A multi-temporal analysis using Landsat images, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 49, 37, 10.1006/ecss.1999.0489

Singh, 2004, Assessment and monitoring of estuarine mangrove forests of Goa using satellite remote sensing, J. Ind. Soc. Remote Sens., 32, 167, 10.1007/BF03030873

Gang, 1992, The current status of mangroves along the Kenyan coast: A case study of Mida Creek mangroves based on remote sensing, Hydrobiologia, 247, 29, 10.1007/BF00008202

Wang, 2003, Remote sensing of mangrove change along the Tanzania Coast, Marine Geodesy, 26, 35, 10.1080/01490410306708

Blasco, 2002, Mangroves along the coastal stretch of the Bay of Bengal: Present status, Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 31, 9

Sirikulchayanon, 2008, Assessing the impact of the 2004 tsunami on magroves using remote sensing and GIS techniques, Int. J. Remote Sens., 29, 3553, 10.1080/01431160701646332

Prasad, 2009, Assessment of tsunami and anthropogenic impacts on the forest of the North Andaman Islands, India, Int. J. Remote Sens., 30, 1235, 10.1080/01431160802460070

Vasconcelos, 2002, Land cover change in two protected areas of Guinea-Bissau (1956–1998), Appl. Geogr., 22, 139, 10.1016/S0143-6228(02)00005-X

Saito, 2003, Mangrove research and coastal ecosystem studies with SPOT-4 HRVIR and TERRA ASTER in Arabian Gulf, Int. J. Remote Sens., 24, 4073, 10.1080/0143116021000035030

Gao, 1999, comparative study on spatial and spectral resolutions of satellite data in mapping mangrove forests, Int. J. Remote Sens., 20, 2823, 10.1080/014311699211813

Green, 1997, Estimating leaf area index of mangroves from satellite data, Aquat. Bot., 58, 11, 10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00013-2

Lee, 2009, Applying remote sensing techniques to monitor shifting wetland vegetation: A case study of Danshui River estuary mangrove communities, Taiwan, Ecol. Eng., 35, 487, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.01.007

Jensen, 1991, The measurement of mangrove characteristics in southwest Florida using SPOT multispectral data, Geocarto Int., 6, 13, 10.1080/10106049109354302

Jaramillo, 1997, LAI and leaf size differences in two red mangrove forest types in South Florida, Bull. Mar. Sci., 60, 643

Myint, 2008, Identifiying mangrove species and their surrounding land use and land cover classes using an object-oriented approach with a lacunarity spatial measure, GISci. Remote Sens., 45, 188, 10.2747/1548-1603.45.2.188

Giri, C.P., and Delsol, J.-P. (November, January 25). Mangrove forest cover mapping in Phangnga Bay, Thailand, Using SPOT HRV and JERS-1 data in conjunction with GIS. Proceedings of International Seminar on Remote Sensing for Coastal Zone and Coral Reef Applications, Bangkok, Thailand.

Rodriguez, 2004, Mangrove landscape characterization and change in Twin Cays, Belize using aerial photography and IKONOS satellite data, Atoll Res. Bull., 513, 1, 10.5479/si.00775630.513.1

Chan, 2005, Qualitative distinction of congeneric and introgressive mangrove species in mixed patchy forest assemblages using high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery (IKONOS), Syst. Biodiver., 2, 113

Neukermans, 2008, Mangrove species and stand mapping in Gazi Bay (Kenya) using Quickbird satellite imagery, J. Spatial Sci., 53, 75, 10.1080/14498596.2008.9635137

Saleh, 2007, Mangrove vegetation on Abu Minqar island of the Red Sea, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 5191, 10.1080/01431160500391932

Wang, 2004, Integration of object-based and pixel-based classification for mangrove mapping with IKONOS imagery, Int. J. Remote Sens., 24, 5655, 10.1080/014311602331291215

Proisy, 2007, Predicting and mapping mangrove biomass from canopy grain analoysis using Fourier-based tectural ordination of IKONOS images, Remote Sens. Environ., 109, 379, 10.1016/j.rse.2007.01.009

Kovacs, 2004, Estimating leaf area index of a degraded mangrove forest using high spatial resolution satellite data, Aquat. Bot., 80, 13, 10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.06.001

Kovacs, 2005, Mapping mangrove leaf area index at the species level using IKONOS and LAI-2000 sensors for the Agua Brava Lagoon, Mexican Pacific, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 62, 377, 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.09.027

Olwig, 2007, Using remote sensing to assess the protective role of coastal woody vegetation against tsunami waves, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 3153, 10.1080/01431160701420597

Kanniah, 2007, Per-pixel and sub-pixel classifications of high-resolution satellite data for mangrove species mapping, Appl. GIS, 3, 1

Green, 1998, Imaging spectroscopy and the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), Remote Sens. Environ., 65, 227, 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00064-9

Ong, 2003, Deriving quantitative dust measurements related to iron ore handling from airborne hyperspectral data, Mining Tech. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. A, 112, 158

Dale, 2005, A practical tool to identify water bodies with potential for mosquito habitat under mangrove canopy: Large-scale airborne scanning in the thermal band 8–13 µm, Wetlands Ecol. Manage., 13, 389, 10.1007/s11273-004-0183-x

Hirano, 2003, Hyperspectral image data for mapping wetland vegetation, Wetland, 23, 436, 10.1672/18-20

Yang, 2009, Evaluating AISA+ hyperspectral imagery for mapping black mangrove along the South Texas Gulf Coast, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing, 75, 425, 10.14358/PERS.75.4.425

Demuro, M., and Chisholm, L. (2003, January 24–28). Assessment of Hyperion for Characterizing Mangrove Communities. Proceedings of the 12th JPL AVIRIS Airborne Earth Science Workshop, Pasadena, CA, USA.

Rao, 1999, Monitoring the spatial extent of coastal wetland using ERS-1 SAR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 20, 2509, 10.1080/014311699211903

Lucas, R.M., Carreiras, J., Proisy, C., and Bunting, P. (2008, January 3–7). ALOS PALSAR Applications in the Tropics and Subtropics: Characterisation; Mapping and Detecting Change in Forests and Coastal Wetlands. Proceedings of Second ALOS PI Symposium, Rhodes, Greece. Available online: http://amapmed.free.fr/AMAPMED_fichiers/Publications_fichiers/Lucas08.pdf.

Simard, 2006, Mapping height and biomass of mangrove forests in everglades national park with SRTM elevation data, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing, 72, 299, 10.14358/PERS.72.3.299

Kovacs, 2006, Assessing fine beam RADARSAT-1 backscatter from a white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa (Gaertner)) canopy, Wetlands Ecol. Manage., 14, 401, 10.1007/s11273-005-6237-x

Pasqualini, 1999, Mangrove mapping in North-Western Madagascar using SPOT-XS and SIR-C radar data, Hydrobiologica, 413, 127, 10.1023/A:1003807330375

Dwivedi, 1999, Mapping wetlands of the Sundaban Delta and its environs using ERS-1 SAR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 20, 2235, 10.1080/014311699212227

Shanmugam, 2005, Application of mulitsensor fusion techniques in remote sensing of coastal mangrove wetlands, Int. J. Geoinf., 1, 1

Paradella, 2002, Recognition of the main geobotanical features along the Braganca mangrove coast (Brazilian Amazon Region) from Landsat TM and RADARSAT-1 data, Wetlands, 10, 123

Paradella, 2005, Use of RADARSAT-1 fine mode and Landsat-5 TM selective principal component analysis for geomorphological mapping in a macrotidal mangrove coast in the Amazon Region, Can. J. Remote Sens., 31, 214, 10.5589/m05-009

Simard, 2002, Mapping tropical coastal vegetation using JERS-1 and ERS-1 radar data with a decision tree classifier, Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 1461, 10.1080/01431160110092984

Hess, 1990, Radar detection of flooding beneath the forest canopy: A review, Int. J. Remote Sens., 11, 1313, 10.1080/01431169008955095

MacKay, 2009, The role of Earth Observation (EO) technologies in supporting implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 2234, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.01.019

Paradella, 2005, Use of RADARSAT-1 fine mode and Landsat-5 TM selective principal component analysis for geomorphological mapping in a macrotidal mangrove coast in the Amazon Region, Can. J. Remote Sens., 31, 214, 10.5589/m05-009

2006, Function-analysis and valuation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable, multi-functional landscapes, Landscape Urban Plan., 75, 175, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.016

Wilson, 2002, A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions; goods and services, Ecol. Economics, 41, 393, 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7

Pearce, D. (1993). Economic Values and the Natural World, Earthscan Publications Limited.

Turner, 1993, Monitoring global change: Comparison of forest cover estimates using remote sensing and inventory approaches, Environ. Monitor. Assess., 26, 295, 10.1007/BF00547506

Bingham, 1995, Issues in ecosystem valuation: improving information for decision making, Ecol. Economics, 14, 73, 10.1016/0921-8009(95)00021-Z

Daily, G.C. (1997). Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Island Press.

Limburg, 1999, The ecology of ecosystem services: Introduction to the special issue, Ecol. Economics, 29, 179, 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00008-7

Wilson, 1999, Economic valuation of freshwater ecosystem services in the United States, 1977–1997, Ecol. Appl., 9, 772

Daily, 2000, The value of nature and the nature of value, Science, 289, 395, 10.1126/science.289.5478.395

Tallis, 2008, An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 9457, 10.1073/pnas.0705797105

Lal, P.N. (1990). Conservation or Conversion of Mangroves in Fiji: An Ecological Economic Analysis, East-West Center, Environment and Policy Institute. Occasional Paper No. 11.

Ruitenbeck, 1992, The rainforest supply price: A tool for evaluating rainforest conservation expenditures, Ecol. Economics, 6, 57, 10.1016/0921-8009(92)90038-T

Barbier, 1994, Valuing environmental functions: tropical wetlands, Land Economics, 70, 155, 10.2307/3146319

Sathirathai, S. (1998). Economic Valuation of Mangroves and the Roles of Local Communities in the Conservation of the Resources: Case Study of Surat Thani, South of Thailand, Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA). EEPSEA Research Report Series.

Sathirathai, 2001, Valuing mangrove conservation in southern Thailand, Contemp. Economic Policy, 19, 109, 10.1111/j.1465-7287.2001.tb00054.x

Clough, 1997, Estimating leaf area index and photosynthetic production in canopies of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 159, 285, 10.3354/meps159285

Jusoff, 2006, Individual mangrove species identification and mapping in Port Klang using airborne hyperspectral imaging, J. Sustain. Sci. Manage., 1, 27

Chaudhury, M.U. (1990, January 18–25). Digital Analysis of Remote Sensing Data for Monitoring the Ecological Status of the Mangrove Forests of Sunderbans in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environmen, Bangkok, Thailand.

Vibulsresth, S., Downreang, D., Ratanasermpong, S., and Silapathong, C. (1990, January 15–21). Mangrove Forest Zonation by Using High Resolution Satellite Data. Proceedings of the 11th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Guangzhou, China. D-1-6.

Long, 1996, A technique for mapping mangroves with Landsat TM satellite data and geographic information system, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 43, 373, 10.1006/ecss.1996.0076

Lal, 2003, Economic valuation of mangroves and decision-making in the Pacific, Ocean Coast. Manage., 46, 823, 10.1016/S0964-5691(03)00062-0

Manson, 2003, Spatial and temporal variation in distribution of mangroves in Moreton Bay, subtropical Australia: A comparison of pattern metrics and change detection analyses based on aerial photographs, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 57, 653, 10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00405-5