Religious Non-involvement Among African Americans, Black Caribbeans and Non-hispanic Whites: Findings from the National Survey of American Life
Tóm tắt
This study examines the association between race/ethnicity, socio-demographic characteristics, and religious non-involvement among a national sample of African Americans, Black Caribbeans and Non-Hispanic Whites. The relationship between religious non-involvement and selected measures of religious participation, spirituality, religious coping is also examined. The study utilizes data from a national multi-stage probability sample, the National Survey of American Life ( n = 6,082). Very few individuals, <1 out of 20 respondents, both never attended religious services and have no current denomination. Overall, <8 % have never attended religious services since the age of 18. Both African Americans and Black Caribbeans were significantly less likely than non-Hispanic Whites to report never attending religious services and not having a current denomination. The greater reliance upon religious institutions for support and guidance among African Americans and Black Caribbean Americans relative to Non-Hispanic Whites may help explain the importance of race in predicting religious non-involvement. Women, married persons, Southerners, and the more highly educated are significantly more likely to be involved in religion. Finally, this study indicates that the religiously non-involved are less likely than others to participate in religious activities, to identify as spiritual, and to rely upon religion to cope with trying circumstances. Nonetheless, even respondents who never attend religious services and do not have a denomination still report some level of religious participation along with relatively high levels of religious coping. We posit that religious non-involvement is less indicative of apostasy, but rather likely reflects a critique of organized religion.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
American Association for Public Opinion Research, 2006, Standard definitions: Final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys, 4
Barna Group. 2007. Unchurched Population Nears 100 Million in the U.S. The Barna Group (March 19). http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/12-faithspirituality/107-unchurched-population-nears-100-million-in-the-us. Accessed 3 March 2012.
Billingsley Andrew, 1999, Mighty like a river: The black church and social reform
Frazier Edward Franklin, 1964, The Negro church in America
Frazier Edward Franklin, 1965, Black bourgeoisie
Funk, Cary and Greg Smith. 2012. Nones on the rise: One-in-five adults have no religious affiliation. Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life. (October 9). http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Unaffiliated/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf. Accessed on 1 Dec 2012.
Gallup Jr., George H. 2002. Unchurched on the Rise? Gallup (March 26). http://www.gallup.com/poll/5521/unchurched-rise.aspx. Accessed 27 March 2012.
Kosmin, Barry A., Ariela Keysar, Ryan Cragun, and Juhem Navarro-Rivera. 2009. American nones: The profile of the no religion population, A report based on the American Religious Identification Survey 2008. Program on Public Values: Trinity College (September 1). http://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=facpub. Accessed 2 March 2012.
Logan, John R. and Glenn Deane. 2003. Black Diversity in Metropolitan America. Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. University at Albany. August 15. http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/Black_Diversity_final.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2012.
Lugo, Luis, Sandra Stencel, John Green, Gregory Smith, Dan Cox, Allison Pond, Tracy Miller, Elizabeth Podrebarac, and Michelle Ralston. 2008. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (February). http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2012.
Massey Douglas, 1995, American Apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass
Mays Benjamin Elijah, 1988, The Negro's Church
Myrdal Gunnar, 2003, An American Dilemma: The Negro problem and modern democracy
Newport, Frank. 2010. In U.S., increasing number have no religious identity: Modest increase since 1990 s in percentage who believe religion is out of date.” Gallup. (May 21). http://www.gallup.com/poll/128276/increasing-number-no-religious-identity.aspx. Accessed 27 March 2012.
Putnam Robert D, 2010, American grace: How religion divides and unites Us
Taylor Robert Joseph, 2004, Religion in the lives of African Americans
Taylor Robert J, 2010, Review of Religious Research, 52, 125
Vickerman Milton, 1999, Crosscurrents: West Indian immigrants and race