Relationships between Social Networking Sites Use and Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Gender

Cecilia M.S.1
1National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore

Tóm tắt

With the prevalence of the internet, there is growing attention on the impacts of social networking sites use among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between different types of online activities (i.e., information searching, social interaction and entertainment) and self-esteem. It examined whether the relationships vary across gender. One hundred and ninety-three students (57.5% males; Mage = 13.33, SDage = 1.58) participated in the present study. Unexpectedly, the associations between online activities and self-esteem were not significant (p > 0.05). Path analysis showed gender moderated the relationships between social interaction activities and self-esteem. Females reported higher levels of engagement in social interaction activities and self-esteem than their male counterparts. The present study shows the importance of assessing different types of online activities as a predictor for understanding the impact of social media use among adolescents.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

(2022, July 09). Digital around the World. Available online: https://datareportal.com/global-digital-overview.

(2022, July 09). Number of Social Network Users Worldwide in 2022, by Region. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/454772/number-social-media-user-worldwide-region/.

(2022, July 09). Most Popular Social Networks Worldwide as of January 2022, Ranked by Number of Monthly Active Users. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/.

Andreassen, 2014, Social network site addiction—An overview, Curr. Pharmaceu. Des., 20, 4053, 10.2174/13816128113199990616

Piteo, 2020, Review: Social networking sites and associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents—A systematic review, Child Adolesc. Ment. Health, 25, 201, 10.1111/camh.12373

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image, Princeton University Press.

Schmuck, 2019, Looking up and Feeling Down: The influence of mobile social networking site use on upward social comparison, self-esteem, and well-being of adult smartphone users, Telemat. Inform., 42, 101240, 10.1016/j.tele.2019.101240

Sowislo, 2014, What constitutes vulnerable self-esteem? Comparing the prospective effects of low, unstable, and contingent self-esteem on depressive symptoms, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 123, 737, 10.1037/a0037770

Diener, 1995, Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 68, 653, 10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653

Sowislo, 2013, Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, Psychol. Bull., 139, 213, 10.1037/a0028931

Harris, 2020, The link between self-esteem and social relationships: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 119, 1459, 10.1037/pspp0000265

Cast, 2002, A Theory of Self-Esteem, Soc. Forc., 80, 1041, 10.1353/sof.2002.0003

Chen, 2016, Passive social network site use and subjective well-being: A moderated mediation model, Comput. Hum. Behav., 64, 507, 10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.038

Vogel, 2014, Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem, Psychol. Pop. Media. Cult., 4, 206, 10.1037/ppm0000047

Rosenberg, M. (1979). Components of Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale: Conceiving the Self, Basic Books.

Burrow, 2017, How many likes did I get? Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 69, 232, 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005

Deters, 2013, Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness? An online social networking experiment, Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci., 4, 579, 10.1177/1948550612469233

Wang, 2018, Social networking sites addiction and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of rumination and self-esteem, Pers. Individ. Differ., 127, 162, 10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.008

Kelly, 2019, Social media use and adolescent mental health: Findings from the UK millennium cohort study, EClinicalMedicine, 4, 59

Vogel, 2015, Who compares and despairs? The effect of social comparison orientation on social media use and its outcomes, Pers. Individ. Differ., 86, 249, 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.026

Suh, 2008, Self-medication hypothesis: Connecting affective experience and drug choice, Psychoanal. Psychol., 25, 518, 10.1037/0736-9735.25.3.518

Andreassen, 2017, The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey, Addict. Behav., 64, 287, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006

Steinfield, 2018, Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis, J. Appl. Dev. Psychol., 29, 434, 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.002

Saiphoo, 2020, Social networking site use and self-esteem: A meta-analytic review, Pers. Individ. Differ., 153, 109639, 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109639

Wilcox, 2013, Are close friends the enemy? Online social networks, self-esteem, and self-control, J. Consum. Res., 40, 90, 10.1086/668794

Leary, 1995, Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The Sociometer Hypothesis, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 68, 518, 10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518

Karim, 2020, Social media use and its connection to mental health: A systematic review, Cureus, 12, e8627

Tazghini, 2013, A mixed method approach to examining Facebook use and its relationship to self-esteem, Comput. Hum. Behav., 293, 827, 10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.010

Steinsbekk, 2021, The impact of social media use on appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence—A 3-wave community study, Comput. Hum. Behav., 114, 106528, 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106528

Clark, 2018, Social network sites and well-being: The role of social connection, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 27, 32, 10.1177/0963721417730833

Hunt, 2018, No more FOMO: Limiting social media decreases loneliness and depression, J. Soc. Clin. Psychol., 37, 751, 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.751

Tromholt, 2016, The facebook experiment: Quitting facebook leads to higher levels of well-being, Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw., 19, 661, 10.1089/cyber.2016.0259

Jelenchick, 2013, “Facebook depression?” Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents, J. Adolesc. Health, 52, 128, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.008

Burke, 2013, Toward a Theory of Liking, Educ. Theory, 63, 151, 10.1111/edth.12015

Valkenburg, 2017, The concurrent and longitudinal relationships between adolescents’ use of social network sites and their social self-esteem, Comput. Hum. Behav., 76, 35, 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.008

Gonzales, 2011, Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem, Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw., 14, 79, 10.1089/cyber.2009.0411

Meier, 2018, The Positive side of social comparison on social network sites: How envy can drive inspiration on Instagram, Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw., 21, 411, 10.1089/cyber.2017.0708

Gentile, 2012, The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation, Comput. Hum. Behav., 28, 1929, 10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.012

Huang, 2017, Time spent on social network sites and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis, Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw., 20, 346, 10.1089/cyber.2016.0758

Hartanto, 2021, Does social media use increase depressive symptoms? A reverse causation perspective, Front. Psychiatry, 12, 641934, 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934

Liu, 2016, Social networking online and personality of self-worth: A meta-analysis, J. Res. Pers., 64, 79, 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.024

Cramer, 2016, Social comparison on Facebook: Motivation, affective consequences, self-esteem, and Facebook fatigue, Comput. Hum. Behav., 64, 739, 10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.049

Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D.S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., and Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS ONE, 8.

Blease, 2015, Too Many ‘Friends’, Too Few ‘Likes’? Evolutionary psychology and ‘Facebook Depression’, Rev. Gen. Psychol., 19, 1, 10.1037/gpr0000030

Dumas, 2020, Gaining likes, but at what cost? Longitudinal relations between young adults’ deceptive like-seeking on instagram, peer belonging and self-esteem, Comput. Hum. Behav., 112, 106467, 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106467

Phua, 2017, Uses and gratifications of social networking sites for bridging and bonding social capital: A comparison of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat, Comput. Hum. Behav., 72, 115, 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.041

Carlson, 2022, Social media advertising: How online motivations and congruency influence perceptions of trust, J. Cons. Behav., 21, 197, 10.1002/cb.1989

Krause, 2021, Unifying the detrimental and beneficial effects of social network site use on self-esteem: A systematic literature review, Media Psychol., 24, 10, 10.1080/15213269.2019.1656646

Rosenberg, K.P., and Laura, C. (2014). Chapter 6—Social Networking Addiction: An Overview of Preliminary Findings. Behavior Addiction, Academic Press.

2014, A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use, Comput. Hum. Behav., 31, 351, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059

Tibber, 2020, The association between self-esteem and dimensions and classes of cross-platform social media use in a sample of emerging adults—Evidence from regression and latent class analyses, Comput. Hum. Behav., 109, 106371, 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106371

Orben, 2019, The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use, Nat. Hum. Behav., 3, 173, 10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1

Yang, W., Morita, N., Zuo, Z., Kawaida, K., Ogai, Y., Saito, T., and Hu, W. (2021). Maladaptive perfectionism and internet addiction among Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model of depression and gender. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.

Tan, S.A., Goh, Y., Mohd Zaharim, N., Gan, S., Yap, C., Nainee, S., and Lee, L. (2022). Problematic internet pornography use and psychological distress among emerging adults in Malaysia: Gender as a moderator. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.

Wang, 2021, Perceived interparental conflict and problematic social media use among Chinese adolescents: The mediating roles of self-esteem and maladaptive cognition toward social network sites, Addict. Behav., 112, 106601, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106601

Josephs, 1992, Gender and self-esteem, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 63, 391, 10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.391

Andreassen, 2015, Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review, Curr. Addict. Rep., 2, 175, 10.1007/s40429-015-0056-9

Kuss, 2016, Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research, World J. Psychiatry, 6, 143, 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.143

Bolle, 2015, Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender, Comput. Hum. Behav., 45, 411, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039

Andreassen, 2012, Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale, Psychol. Rep., 110, 501, 10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517

Forest, 2012, When social networking is not working: Individuals with low self-esteem recognize but o not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on Facebook, Psychol. Sci., 23, 295, 10.1177/0956797611429709

Hill, 2018, A desire for social media is associated with a desire for solitary but not social activities, Psychol. Rep., 121, 1120, 10.1177/0033294117742657

Shek, 2020, Transformation and development of university students through service-learning: A corportae-community-unversity partnership initiative in Hong Kong (Project WeCan), Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15, 1375, 10.1007/s11482-019-09738-9

Rosenberg, 1965, Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and commitment therapy, Meas. Pack., 61, 18

Wheatley, 2019, Social network engagement and subjective well-being: A life-course perspective, Br. J. Sociol., 70, 1971, 10.1111/1468-4446.12644

Valkenburg, 2006, Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem, CyberPsychol. Behav., 9, 584, 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.584

Pop, L.M., Iorga, M., and Iurcov, R. (2022). Body-esteem, self-esteem and loneliness among social media young users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.

Lee, 2021, Social media use and systemic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem, Brain Behav. Immun. Health, 16, 100300, 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100300

George, D., and Mallery, P. (2011). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 18.0 Update, Allyn & Bacon/Pearson. [11th ed.].

Bentler, 1990, Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models, Psychol. Bull., 107, 238, 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory, McGraw-Hill. [2nd ed.].

Dearing, 2006, Best practices in quantitative methods for developmentalists: Contemporary advances and classic advice for analyzing mediating and moderating variables, Monogr. Soc. Res. Child. Dev., 71, 88

Cohen, 1992, Statistical Power Analysis, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 1, 98, 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783

Ellison, 2007, The benefits of Facebook “friends.” Social capital and college students’ use of online network sites, J. Comp. Med. Commun., 12, 1143

Ryan, 2014, The uses and abuses of Facebook: A review of Facebook addiction, J. Behav. Addict., 3, 133, 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.016

Blachnio, 2016, Narcissism and self-esteem as predictors of dimensions of Facebook use, Pers. Individ. Differ., 90, 296, 10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.018

Hossain, 2019, Effects of uses and gratifications on social media use: The Facebook case with multiple mediator analysis, PSU Res. Rev., 3, 16, 10.1108/PRR-07-2018-0023

Ward, 2018, Social media use and happiness in adults with autism spectrum disorder, Cyberpsycho. Beahv. Soc. New., 21, 205, 10.1089/cyber.2017.0331

Wang, 2019, Can social networking sites alleviate depression? The relation between authentic online self-presentation and adolescent depression: A mediation model of perceived social support and rumination, Curr. Psychol., 38, 1512, 10.1007/s12144-017-9711-8

Aladwani, 2014, Gravitating towards facebook (GoToFB): Wah tit is? And how can it be measured?, Comp. Hum. Behav., 33, 270, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.005

(2022, July 09). HKDSE-Banding and Medium of Instruction of Secondary Schools. Available online: https://dse.bigexam.hk/en/ssp?p=2&dist=yulo&type=nondss&band=3&order=name&asc=1.

(2022, July 09). Hong Kong Poverty Siutation Report 2020, Available online: https://www.povertyrelief.gov.hk/eng/pdf/Hong_Kong_Poverty_Situation_Report_2020.pdf.

Odgers, 2020, Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: Facts, fears, and future directions, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 61, 336, 10.1111/jcpp.13190

Marino, 2018, A comprehensive meta-analysis on problematic Facebook use, Comp. Hum. Behav., 83, 262, 10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.009

Verduyn, 2015, Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 144, 480, 10.1037/xge0000057

Lim, 2021, The moderating role of social network size on social media use and self-esteem: An evolutionary mismatch perspective, Front. Psychol., 12, 734206, 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734206

Kanazawa, 2002, Bowling with our imaginary friends, Evol. Hum. Behav., 23, 167, 10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00098-8

Apaolaza, 2013, The relationship between socializing on the Spanish online networking site Tuenti and teenagers’ subjective well-being: The roles of self-esteem and loneliness, Comput. Hum. Behav., 29, 1282, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.002

Kalpidou, 2011, The relationship between Facebook and the well-being of undergraduate college students, Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw., 14, 183, 10.1089/cyber.2010.0061

DuBois, 2004, Bias in self-perceptions and internalizing and externalizing problems in adjustment during early adolescence: A prospective investigation, J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol., 33, 373, 10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_19

Hu, Y., Manikoda, L., and Kambhampati, S. (2014, January 1–4). What we instagram: A first analysis of instagram photo content and user types. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, ICWSM, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Hawi, 2017, The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students, Soc. Sci. Comp. Rev., 35, 576, 10.1177/0894439316660340

Boer, 2022, The complex association between social media use intensity and adolescent well-being: A longitudinal investigation of five factors that may affect the association, Comput. Hum. Behav., 128, 107084, 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107084

Kim, 2015, Body image 2.0: Associations between social grooming on Facebook and body image concerns, Comput. Hum. Behav., 48, 331, 10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.009

Jaworska, 2022, Who felt blue when Facebook went down? The role of self-esteem and FoMO in explaining people’s mood in reaction to social media outage, Pers. Individ. Differ., 188, 111460, 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111460