Rejection Elicits Emotional Reactions but Neither Causes Immediate Distress nor Lowers Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analytic Review of 192 Studies on Social Exclusion

Personality and Social Psychology Review - Tập 13 Số 4 - Trang 269-309 - 2009
Ginette C. Blackhart1, Brian C. Nelson2, Megan L. Knowles3, Roy F. Baumeister4
1Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
2East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, US
3Franklin and Marshall College (Lancaster, PA, US)
4Florida State University Tallahassee FL US

Tóm tắt

Competing predictions about the effect of social exclusion were tested by meta-analyzing findings from studies of interpersonal rejection, ostracism, and similar procedures. Rejection appears to cause a significant shift toward a more negative emotional state. Typically, however, the result was an emotionally neutral state marked by low levels of both positive and negative affect. Acceptance caused a slight increase in positive mood and a moderate increase in self-esteem. Self-esteem among rejected persons was no different from neutral controls. These findings are discussed in terms of belongingness motivation, sociometer theory, affective numbing, and self-esteem defenses.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

*References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analyses.

Adler, A., 1927, Understanding human nature

10.1037/0021-843X.105.1.25

10.1037/0022-0663.94.4.795

Aronson, E., 1972, The social animal

10.1177/0146167201277009

10.1037/h0087197

10.1177/01461672012712007

10.1002/ab.20033

10.1177/0146167291176005

10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323

10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.589

10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497

10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.817

10.1207/s15374424jccp2404_10

10.1177/0272431695015004005

Blackhart, G.C., 2005, [Social rejection, affect, and salivary cortisol: A pilot study]. Unpublished raw data

Blackhart, G.C., 2006, [Affective reactions to social rejection]. Unpublished raw data

Blackhart, G.C., 2006, [Self-esteem in response to a social rejection paradigm]. Unpublished raw data

10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.03.005

10.2307/1130725

10.1017/S0954579400006830

10.1017/S0954579400006064

10.1023/A:1010661825137

10.1016/B978-0-12-143550-9.50011-2

10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00064-7

Buss, D.M. & Kenrick, D.T. ( 1998). Evolutionary social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 982-1026). New York: Oxford University Press.

10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_2

10.1207/s15327957pspr0104_1

10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.607

Caporael, L.R. ( 2001b). Parts and wholes: The evolutionary importance of groups . In C. Sedikides & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, collective self (pp. 241-258). Philadelphia : Psychology Press.

Carton, E.E.R., 1996, Dissertation Abstracts International, 57, 2903

Catanese, K.R., 2004, Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 4894

10.1093/geronj/44.5.S169

10.1007/BF02686816

10.1016/j.jesp.2007.09.004

Cohen, J., 1988, Statistical power analyses for the behavioral sciences, 2

Cooley, C.H., 1902, Human nature and the social order

Coopersmith, S., 1967, The antecedents of self-esteem

10.1037/0022-006X.47.2.385

DeBono, A.E., 2005, Cast away-Social exclusion and social aggression: The roles of self-esteem and anger

10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.1

DeWall, C.N., 2005, Unpublished raw data

10.1023/B:JACP.0000019768.31348.81

10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327

10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06161.x

Downs, D.L., 1997, Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 3918

10.1007/BF01448376

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<178::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-8

10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-Y

10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.024

Ellis, B.J., 2006, Social exclusion, self-esteem, and relationship behavior: Tests of a functional model

10.1002/pits.20152

Fisher, R.A., 1928, Statistical methods for research workers, 2

10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.921

10.1037/0012-1649.41.2.319

Ford, M.B., 2006, The effects of self-esteem on cortisol reactivity in response to social rejection

10.2307/1130191

10.1037/10561-000

Freud, S., 1936, Inhibitions, symptoms, and anxiety (A. Strachey, Trans.)

*Gaertner, L. & Iuzzini, J. ( 2005). Rejection and entitativity: A synergistic model of mass violence. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, and bullying (pp. 307-320). New York: Psychology Press.

Gardner, W.L., 2003, Unpublished raw data

Gardner, W.L., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

10.1177/0146167200266007

10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.337

Gross, E.F., 2006, Dissertation Abstracts International, 67, 09

10.1097/00006199-199907000-00004

10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00073-9

10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895

10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.486

Henderson, L.A., 1991, Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 62

Hitlan, R.T., 2006, North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 217

Hitlan, R.T., 2006, The effects of language-based ostracism on expressed prejudice: The mediating role of anger

10.1080/00221320109597958

10.1111/1467-8624.00357

10.2307/1914185

10.1037/1082-989X.1.3.227

10.1007/s10461-005-3896-9

Kelly, K.M., 1999, Dissertation Abstracts International, 60, 4938

10.1177/0272431696016002004

10.1207/s15374424jccp2801_8

Knowles, M.L., 2006, Unpublished raw data

Knowles, M.L., 2006, Unpublished raw data

Knowles, M.L., 2005, Unpublished raw data

Knowles, M.L., 2004, Unpublished raw data

Knowles, M.L., 2005, Unpublished raw data

Knowles, M.L., 2003, Unpublished raw data

Koch, E.J., 2005, [Effects of social and performance feedback on state self-esteem, mood, and performance]. Unpublished raw data

Koch, E.J., 2001, [Effects of social and performance feedback on state self-esteem]. Unpublished raw data

Koch, E.J., Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Southeastern Social Psychologists

Koch, E.J., 2005, Is self-esteem more than a sociometer? Testing competence and acceptance explanations of self-esteem

10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480

10.1007/BF00919087

Lakin, J.L., 2003, Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 1073

10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02162.x

10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00304.x

10.1353/mpq.2006.0036

10.1207/S15327965PLI1103_01

10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.221

Leary, M.R. ( 2001). Toward a conceptualization of interpersonal rejection . In M. R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 3-20). New York: Oxford University Press.

Leary, M.R. ( 2005). Varieties of interpersonal rejection. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 35-52). New York: Psychology Press.

Leary, M.R. & Baumeister, R.F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 2-51). San Diego: Academic Press.

10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.898

10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1225

10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518

10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00200.x

10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.338

10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.012

Lewin, R., 1993, Human evolution: An illustrated introduction, 3

10.4159/9780674040243

10.1037/0003-066X.48.12.1181

10.1017/S0954579400006878

10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_3

10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00479.x

10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202

10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42

Markunas, S.J., Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology

10.1080/026999300378950

Maslow, A., 1954, Motivation and personality

10.1300/J087v26n03_13

10.1037/0012-1649.18.3.372

Mead, G.H., 1934, Mind, self, and society

10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.08.017

10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.63

10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.641

10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.556

10.1002/ejsp.2420100305

10.1177/0165025407073579

10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.99

10.1177/01461672972312001

10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.745

Nuijens, K.L., 2006, Dissertation Abstracts International, 67, 11

10.1521/jscp.2008.27.5.471

Pallock, L.L., 2003, Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 4087

10.1017/S0954579400005617

Park, L.E., 2006, Contingencies of self-worth and rejection: Implications for self-esteem, affect, and goal pursuit

10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.491

10.1037/0882-7974.15.2.187

Poirier, F.E., 1999, Understanding human evolution, 4

Poulsen, J.R., 2003, Masters Abstracts International, 42, 2355

10.1023/B:JACP.0000019767.55592.63

10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.835

10.1007/BF02895061

10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.543

Robinson, J.C., Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology

10.1006/jesp.1996.0010

10.1007/BF02686943

10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.288

Rosenberg, M. ( 1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence . In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 3, pp. 107-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638

10.4135/9781412984997

10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.400

10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.341

10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_2

10.1111/1467-9507.00247

10.1111/1467-6494.7104004

10.1023/A:1005174831561

Seligman, M.E., 1975, Helplessness: On depression, development, and death

10.1348/014466602165036

10.2466/pr0.1965.16.3c.1017

Sinclair, H.C., 2004, Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 2697

Slatcher, R.B., Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology

10.1111/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01210.x

10.1037/1089-2699.8.4.291

10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.94

10.1177/0265407501183001

10.1177/01467202028007006

10.1207/S15324834BASP2304_1

10.1080/0266736980140204

10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01333-1

10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.67

10.1207/S15327957PSPR0404_1

10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.49

Thayer, R.E., 1996, The origin of everyday moods: Managing energy, tension, and stress

10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.291

Tracey, T.E., 1997, Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 3837

Tragesser, S.L., 2005, Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 4538

10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.56

10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1058

Twenge, J.M., 2006, The effect of target status on aggression after social rejection

10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.606

10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.409

Twenge, J.M., 2006, Affect regulation after social exclusion: The role of positive affect boosting

Upmanyu, V.V., 1988, Psychological Studies, 33, 179

10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.918

10.1007/s11218-004-3951-9

Walker, S., 2001, Child Study Journal, 31, 177

10.1207/s15566935eed1101_7

Walter, W.W., Jr., 2003, Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 2770

10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.005

Weissman, S.E., 2005, Dissertation Abstracts International, 67, 03

10.1177/104649647700800204

10.1007/978-1-4757-9354-3_7

Williams, K.D., 2001, Ostracism: The power of silence

10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641

10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748

10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.65

10.1177/1368430298012002

Williams, K.D. & Zadro, L. ( 2005). Ostracism: The indiscriminate early detection system . In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 19-34). New York: Psychology Press.

10.1017/S0144686X04002107

10.2307/2676361

10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.006

10.1177/1368430205051062

10.1177/0146167206294872