Regulation of germline stem cell proliferation downstream of nutrient sensing

Morrison SJ, Kimble J: Asymmetric and symmetric stem-cell divisions in development and cancer. Nature 2006,441(7097):1068–1074. 10.1038/nature04956

Scadden DT: The stem-cell niche as an entity of action. Nature 2006,441(7097):1075–1079. 10.1038/nature04957

Wong MD, Jin Z, Xie T: Molecular mechanisms of germline stem cell regulation. Annu Rev Genet 2005, 39: 173–195. 10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.105855

Cox DN, Chao A, Lin H: piwi encodes a nucleoplasmic factor whose activity modulates the number and division rate of germline stem cells. Development 2000,127(3):503–514.

Maciejowski J, Ugel N, Mishra B, Isopi M, Hubbard EJ: Quantitative analysis of germline mitosis in adult C. elegans. Dev Biol 2006,292(1):142–151. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.046

Pepper AS, Lo TW, Killian DJ, Hall DH, Hubbard EJ: The establishment of Caenorhabditis elegans germline pattern is controlled by overlapping proximal and distal somatic gonad signals. Dev Biol 2003,259(2):336–350. 10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00203-3

Shcherbata HR, Hatfield S, Ward EJ, Reynolds S, Fischer KA, Ruohola-Baker H: The MicroRNA pathway plays a regulatory role in stem cell division. Cell Cycle 2006,5(2):172–175.

Forstemann K, Tomari Y, Du T, Vagin VV, Denli AM, Bratu DP, Klattenhoff C, Theurkauf WE, Zamore PD: Normal microRNA maturation and germ-line stem cell maintenance requires Loquacious, a double-stranded RNA-binding domain protein. PLoS Biol 2005,3(7):e236. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030236

Hatfield SD, Shcherbata HR, Fischer KA, Nakahara K, Carthew RW, Ruohola-Baker H: Stem cell division is regulated by the microRNA pathway. Nature 2005,435(7044):974–978. 10.1038/nature03816

Carrera AC: TOR signaling in mammals. J Cell Sci 2004,117(Pt 20):4615–4616. 10.1242/jcs.01311

Hardie DG: New roles for the LKB1 --> AMPK pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005,17(2):167–173. 10.1016/j.ceb.2005.01.006

Hardie DG, Carling D, Carlson M: The AMP-activated/SNFl protein kinase subfamily: metabolic sensors of the eukaryotic cell? Annu Rev Biochem 1998, 67: 821–855. 10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.821

Saltiel AR, Kahn CR: Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 2001,414(6865):799–806. 10.1038/414799a

Sijen T, Plasterk RH: Transposon silencing in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line by natural RNAi. Nature 2003,426(6964):310–314. 10.1038/nature02107

Marini A, Matmati N, Morpurgo G: Starvation in yeast increases non-adaptive mutation. Curr Genet 1999,35(2):77–81. 10.1007/s002940050435

Lozano R, Lusby WR, Chitwood DJ, Thompson MJ, Svoboda JA: Inhibition of C28 and C29 phytosterol metabolism by N,N-dimethyldodecanamine in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Lipids 1985,20(3):158–166. 10.1007/BF02534248

Shim YH, Chun JH, Lee EY, Paik YK: Role of cholesterol in germ-line development of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Reprod Dev 2002,61(3):358–366. 10.1002/mrd.10099

Drummond-Barbosa D, Spradling AC: Stem cells and their progeny respond to nutritional changes during Drosophila oogenesis. Dev Biol 2001,231(1):265–278. 10.1006/dbio.2000.0135

Albert PS, Riddle DL: Mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans that form dauer-like larvae. Dev Biol 1988,126(2):270–293. 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90138-8

Riddle DL, Swanson MM, Albert PS: Interacting genes in nematode dauer larva formation. Nature 1981,290(5808):668–671. 10.1038/290668a0

Kimura KD, Tissenbaum HA, Liu Y, Ruvkun G: daf-2, an insulin receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 1997,277(5328):942–946. 10.1126/science.277.5328.942

Morris JZ, Tissenbaum HA, Ruvkun G: A phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase family member regulating longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 1996,382(6591):536–539. 10.1038/382536a0

Paradis S, Ailion M, Toker A, Thomas JH, Ruvkun G: A PDK1 homolog is necessary and sufficient to transduce AGE-1 PI3 kinase signals that regulate diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Dev 1999,13(11):1438–1452.

Paradis S, Ruvkun G: Caenorhabditis elegans Akt/PKB transduces insulin receptor-like signals from AGE-1 PI3 kinase to the DAF-16 transcription factor. Genes Dev 1998,12(16):2488–2498.

Ogg S, Ruvkun G: The C. elegans PTEN homolog, DAF-18, acts in the insulin receptor-like metabolic signaling pathway. Mol Cell 1998,2(6):887–893. 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80303-2

Lin K, Dorman JB, Rodan A, Kenyon C: daf-16: An HNF-3/forkhead family member that can function to double the life-span of Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 1997,278(5341):1319–1322. 10.1126/science.278.5341.1319

Ogg S, Paradis S, Gottlieb S, Patterson GI, Lee L, Tissenbaum HA, Ruvkun G: The Fork head transcription factor DAF-16 transduces insulin-like metabolic and longevity signals in C. elegans. Nature 1997,389(6654):994–999. 10.1038/40194

Narbonne P, Roy R: Inhibition of germline proliferation during C. elegans dauer development requires PTEN, LKB1 and AMPK signalling. Development 2006,133(4):611–619. 10.1242/dev.02232

Gems D, Sutton AJ, Sundermeyer ML, Albert PS, King KV, Edgley ML, Larsen PL, Riddle DL: Two pleiotropic classes of daf-2 mutation affect larval arrest, adult behavior, reproduction and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 1998,150(1):129–155.

Bohni R, Riesgo-Escovar J, Oldham S, Brogiolo W, Stocker H, Andruss BF, Beckingham K, Hafen E: Autonomous control of cell and organ size by CHICO, a Drosophila homolog of vertebrate IRS1–4. Cell 1999,97(7):865–875. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80799-0

LaFever L, Drummond-Barbosa D: Direct control of germline stem cell division and cyst growth by neural insulin in Drosophila. Science 2005,309(5737):1071–1073. 10.1126/science.1111410

Lu C, Lam HN, Menon RK: New members of the insulin family: regulators of metabolism, growth and now. reproduction. Pediatr Res 2005,57(5 Pt 2):70R-73R. 10.1203/01.PDR.0000159573.55187.CA

Brogiolo W, Stocker H, Ikeya T, Rintelen F, Fernandez R, Hafen E: An evolutionarily conserved function of the Drosophila insulin receptor and insulin-like peptides in growth control. Curr Biol 2001,11(4):213–221. 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00068-9

Pierce SB, Costa M, Wisotzkey R, Devadhar S, Homburger SA, Buchman AR, Ferguson KC, Heller J, Platt DM, Pasquinelli AA, et al.: Regulation of DAF-2 receptor signaling by human insulin and ins-1, a member of the unusually large and diverse C. elegans insulin gene family. Genes Dev 2001,15(6):672–686. 10.1101/gad.867301

Ikeya T, Galic M, Belawat P, Nairz K, Hafen E: Nutrient-dependent expression of insulin-like peptides from neuroendocrine cells in the CNS contributes to growth regulation in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2002,12(15):1293–1300. 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01043-6

Cao C, Brown MR: Localization of an insulin-like peptide in brains of two Hies. Cell Tissue Res 2001,304(2):317–321. 10.1007/s004410100367

Drummond-Barbosa D, Spradling AC: Alpha-endosulfine, a potential regulator of insulin secretion, is required for adult tissue growth control in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2004,266(2):310–321. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.10.028

Kawano T, Ito Y, Ishiguro M, Takuwa K, Nakajima T, Kimura Y: Molecular cloning and characterization of a new insulin/IGF-like peptide of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000,273(2):431–436. 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2971

Li W, Kennedy SG, Ruvkun G: daf-28 encodes a C. elegans insulin superfamily member that is regulated by environmental cues and acts in the DAF-2 signaling pathway. Genes Dev 2003,17(7):844–858. 10.1101/gad.1066503

Apfeld J, Kenyon C: Cell nonautonomy of C. elegans daf-2 function in the regulation of diapause and life span. Cell 1998,95(2):199–210. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81751-1

Iser WB, Gami MS, Minaxi S, Wolkow CA: Insulin signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans regulates both endocrine-like and cell-autonomous outputs. Devel Biol 2006, in press.

Wolkow CA, Kimura KD, Lee MS, Ruvkun G: Regulation of C. elegans life-span by insulinlike signaling in the nervous system. Science 2000,290(5489):147–150. 10.1126/science.290.5489.147

Libina N, Berman JR, Kenyon C: Tissue-specific activities of C. elegans DAF-16 in the regulation of lifespan. Cell 2003,115(4):489–502. 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00889-4

Antebi A, Yeh WH, Tait D, Hedgecock EM, Riddle DL: daf-12 encodes a nuclear receptor that regulates the dauer diapause and developmental age in C. elegans. Genes Dev 2000,14(12):1512–1527.

Mak HY, Ruvkun G: Intercellular signaling of reproductive development by the C. elegans DAF-9 cytochrome P450. Development 2004,131(8):1777–1786. 10.1242/dev.01069

Motola DL, Cummins CL, Rottiers V, Sharma KK, Li T, Li Y, Suino-Powell K, Xu HE, Auchus RJ, Antebi A, et al.: Identification of ligands for DAF-12 that govern dauer formation and reproduction in C. elegans. Cell 2006,124(6):1209–1223. 10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.037

Ohkura K, Suzuki N, Ishihara T, Katsura I: SDF-9, a protein tyrosine phosphatase-like molecule, regulates the L3/dauer developmental decision through hormonal signaling in C. elegans. Development 2003,130(14):3237–3248. 10.1242/dev.00540

Larsen PL, Albert PS, Riddle DL: Genes that regulate both development and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 1995,139(4):1567–1583.

Vowels JJ, Thomas JH: Genetic analysis of chemosensory control of dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 1992,130(1):105–123.

Kimble J, Crittenden S: Germline proliferation and its control. Wormbook The C. elegans Research Community; 2005. [http://www.wormbook.org]

Gil EB, Malone Link E, Liu LX, Johnson CD, Lees JA: Regulation of the insulin-like developmental pathway of Caenorhabditis elegans by a homolog of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999,96(6):2925–2930. 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2925

Oldham S, Stocker H, Laffargue M, Wittwer F, Wymann M, Hafen E: The Drosophila insulin/IGF receptor controls growth and size by modulating PtdInsP(3) levels. Development 2002,129(17):4103–4109.

Lee RY, Hench J, Ruvkun G: Regulation of C. elegans DAF-16 and its human ortholog FKHRL1 by the daf-2 insulin-like signaling pathway. Curr Biol 2001,11(24):1950–1957. 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00595-4

Datta SR, Brunet A, Greenberg ME: Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. Genes Dev 1999,13(22):2905–2927. 10.1101/gad.13.22.2905

Inoki K, Li Y, Zhu T, Wu J, Guan KL: TSC2 is phosphorylated and inhibited by Akt and suppresses mTOR signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2002,4(9):648–657. 10.1038/ncb839

Subramaniam K, Seydoux G: nos-1 and nos-2, two genes related to Drosophila nanos, regulate primordial germ cell development and survival in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 1999,126(21):4861–4871.

Fukuyama M, Rougvie AE, Rothman JH: C. elegans DAF-18/PTEN mediates nutrient-dependent arrest of cell cycle and growth in the germline. Curr Biol 2006,16(8):773–779. 10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.073

Pinkston JM, Garigan D, Hansen M, Kenyon C: Mutations that increase the life span of C. elegans inhibit tumor growth. Science 2006,313(5789):971–975. 10.1126/science.1121908

Brazil DP, Yang ZZ, Hemmings BA: Advances in protein kinase B signalling: AKTion on multiple fronts. Trends Biochem Sci 2004,29(5):233–242. 10.1016/j.tibs.2004.03.006

Hong Y, Roy R, Ambros V: Developmental regulation of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor controls postembryonic cell cycle progression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 1998,125(18):3585–3597.

Kostic I, Li S, Roy R: cki-1 links cell division and cell fate acquisition in the C. elegans somatic gonad. Dev Biol 2003,263(2):242–252. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.07.001

Fukuyama M, Gendreau SB, Deny WB, Rothman JH: Essential embryonic roles of the CKI-1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in cell-cycle exit and morphogenesis in C elegans. Dev Biol 2003,260(1):273–286. 10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00239-2

Chamberlin HM: Faculty of 1000 Biology. [http://www.f1000biology.com/article/id/1030638/evaluation]

Aladjem MI, Spike BT, Rodewald LW, Hope TJ, Klemm M, Jaenisch R, Wahl GM: ES cells do not activate p53-dependent stress responses and undergo p53-independent apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Curr Biol 1998,8(3):145–155. 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70061-2

Hong Y, Cervantes RB, Tichy E, Tischfield JA, Stambrook PJ: Protecting genomic integrity in somatic cells and embryonic stem cells. Mutat Res 2006.

Di Cristofano A, Pandolfi PP: The multiple roles of PTEN in tumor suppression. Cell 2000,100(4):387–390. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80674-1

Woods A, Johnstone SR, Dickerson K, Leiper FC, Fryer LG, Neumann D, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Carlson M, Carling D: LKB1 is the upstream kinase in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. Curr Biol 2003,13(22):2004–2008. 10.1016/j.cub.2003.10.031

Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, Avizienyte E, Roth S, Loukola A, Bignell G, Warren W, Aminoff M, Hoglund P, et al.: A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature 1998,391(6663):184–187. 10.1038/34432

Jenne DE, Reimann H, Nezu J, Friedel W, Loff S, Jeschke R, Muller O, Back W, Zimmer M: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused by mutations in a novel serine threonine kinase. Nat Genet 1998,18(1):38–43. 10.1038/ng0198-38

Young J, Povey S: The genetic basis of tuberous sclerosis. Mol Med Today 1998,4(7):313–319. 10.1016/S1357-4310(98)01245-3

Inoki K, Zhu T, Guan KL: TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival. Cell 2003,115(5):577–590. 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00929-2

Manning BD, Tee AR, Logsdon MN, Blenis J, Cantley LC: Identification of the tuberous sclerosis complex-2 tumor suppressor gene product tuberin as a target of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/akt pathway. Mol Cell 2002,10(1):151–162. 10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00568-3

Shaw RJ, Bardeesy N, Manning BD, Lopez L, Kosmatka M, DePinho RA, Cantley LC: The LKB1 tumor suppressor negatively regulates mTOR signaling. Cancer Cell 2004,6(1):91–99. 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.06.007

Avruch J, Lin Y, Long X, Murthy S, Ortiz-Vega S: Recent advances in the regulation of the TOR pathway by insulin and nutrients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005,8(1):67–72. 10.1097/00075197-200501000-00010

Long X, Spycher C, Han ZS, Rose AM, Muller F, Avruch J: TOR deficiency in C. elegans causes developmental arrest and intestinal atrophy by inhibition of mRNA translation. Curr Biol 2002,12(17):1448–1461. 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01091-6

Hansen IA, Attardo GM, Roy SG, Raikhel AS: Target of rapamycin-dependent activation of S6 kinase is a central step in the transduction of nutritional signals during egg development in a mosquito. J Biol Chem 2005,280(21):20565–20572. 10.1074/jbc.M500712200

Barbet NC, Schneider U, Helliwell SB, Stansfield I, Tuite MF, Hall MN: TOR controls translation initiation and early G1 progression in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 1996,7(1):25–42.

Chan S: Targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR): a new approach to treating cancer. Br J Cancer 2004,91(8):1420–1424. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602162

Heitman J, Movva NR, Hall MN: Targets for cell cycle arrest by the immunosuppressant rapamycin in yeast. Science 1991,253(5022):905–909. 10.1126/science.1715094

Metcalfe SM, Canman CE, Milner J, Morris RE, Goldman S, Kastan MB: Rapamycin and p53 act on different pathways to induce Gl arrest in mammalian cells. Oncogene 1997,15(14):1635–1642. 10.1038/sj.onc.1201341

Zaragoza D, Ghavidel A, Heitman J, Schultz MC: Rapamycin induces the GO program of transcriptional repression in yeast by interfering with the TOR signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1998,18(8):4463–4470.

Martin SG, St Johnston D: A role for Drosophila LKB1 in anterior-posterior axis formation and epithelial polarity. Nature 2003,421(6921):379–384. 10.1038/nature01296

Watts JL, Morton DG, Bestman J, Kemphues KJ: The C. elegans par-4 gene encodes a putative serine-threonine kinase required for establishing embryonic asymmetry. Development 2000,127(7):1467–1475.

Baas AF, Kuipers J, van der Wel NN, Batlle E, Koerten HK, Peters PJ, Clevers HC: Complete polarization of single intestinal epithelial cells upon activation of LKB1 by STRAD. Cell 2004,116(3):457–466. 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00114-X

Alessi DR, Sakamoto K, Bayascas JR: LKB1-Dependent Signaling Pathways. Annu Rev Biochem 2006.

Kishi M, Pan YA, Crump JG, Sanes JR: Mammalian SAD kinases are required for neuronal polarization. Science 2005,307(5711):929–932. 10.1126/science.1107403

Wolkow CA, Munoz MJ, Riddle DL, Ruvkun G: Insulin receptor substrate and p55 orthologous adaptor proteins function in the Caenorhabditis elegans daf-2/insulin-like signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2002,277(51):49591–49597. 10.1074/jbc.M207866200

Hertweck M, Gobel C, Baumeister R: C. elegans SGK-1 is the critical component in the Akt/PKB kinase complex to control stress response and life span. Dev Cell 2004,6(4):577–588. 10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00095-4