Recent Advances in Bioactive Compounds, Health Functions, and Safety Concerns of Onion (Allium cepa L.)

Pareek, 2017, Onion (Allium cepa Fruit L) and Vegetable Phytochemicals: Chemistry and Human Health, 1145, 10.1002/9781119158042.ch58

Marrelli, 2019, Biological properties and bioactive components of Allium cepa L.: focus on potential benefits in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities, Molecules., 24, 119, 10.3390/molecules24010119

Teshika, 2019, Traditional and modern uses of onion bulb (Allium cepa L.): a systematic review, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr., 59, S39, 10.1080/10408398.2018.1499074

Ouyang, 2018, Antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of total polyphenols from onion, Saudi J Biol Sci., 25, 1509, 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.08.005

Loredana, 2019, Biochemical, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of different onion varieties in the Mediterranean area, J Food Meas Charact., 13, 1232, 10.1007/s11694-019-00038-2

Jakaria, 2019, The methanol extract of Allium cepa L. protects inflammatory markers in lps-induced bv-2 microglial cells and upregulates the antiapoptotic gene and antioxidant enzymes in N27-A cells, Antioxidants., 8, 348, 10.3390/antiox8090348

Lee, 2016, Onion peel extract reduces the percentage of body fat in overweight and obese subjects: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Nutr Res Pract., 10, 175, 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.2.175

Jini, 2020, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Allium cepa and its in vitro antidiabetic activity, Mater Today Proc., 22, 432, 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.672

Tsuboki, 2016, Onionin A inhibits ovarian cancer progression by suppressing cancer cell proliferation and the protumour function of macrophages, Sci Rep., 6, 29588, 10.1038/srep29588

Colina-Coca, 2017, Dietary onion ameliorates antioxidant defence, inflammatory response, and cardiovascular risk biomarkers in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats, J Funct Foods., 36, 300, 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.014

Salami, 2020, Neuroprotective effects of onion (Allium cepa) ethanolic extract on animal model of parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine: a behavioral, biochemical, and histological study, Gazi Med J., 31, 25, 10.12996/gmj.2020.07

Ahmed, 2017, A hepatonephro-protective phenolic-rich extract from red onion (Allium cepa L.) peels, Pak J Pharm Sci., 30, 1971

El-Hashim, 2020, Onion bulb extract downregulates EGFR/ERK1/2/AKT signaling pathway and synergizes with steroids to inhibit allergic inflammation, Front Pharmacol., 11, 551683, 10.3389/fphar.2020.551683

Khajah, 2020, Onion bulb extract can both reverse and prevent colitis in mice via inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules and neutrophil activity, PloS ONE., 15, e0233938, 10.1371/journal.pone.0233938

Shokoohi, 2018, Investigating the effects of onion juice on male fertility factors and pregnancy rate after testicular torsion/detorsion by intrauterine insemination method, Int J Women's Health Reprod Sci., 6, 499, 10.15296/ijwhr.2018.82

Alkhedaide, 2017, Protective effect of onion extract against experimental immunesuppression in Wistar rats: biological and molecular study, Afr J Tradit Complementary Altern Med., 14, 96, 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i5.13

Malhat, 2019, Residue distribution and risk assessment of two macrocyclic lactone insecticides in green onion using micro-liquid-liquid extraction (MLLE) technique coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, Environ Monit Assess., 191, 584, 10.1007/s10661-019-7752-1

Cavanagh, 2019, Cadmium uptake by onions, lettuce and spinach in New Zealand: implications for management to meet regulatory limits, Sci Total Environ., 668, 780, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.010

Kharisu, 2019, Elemental variations and safety assessment of commercial onions (Allium cepa) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and chemometrics, Int Food Res J., 26, 1717

Mayer, 2016, Occupational exposure to mould and microbial metabolites during onion sorting-insights into an overlooked workplace, Environ Monit Assess., 188, 154, 10.1007/s10661-016-5150-5

Scollon, 2016, Transfer of Listeria monocytogenes during mechanical slicing of onions, Food Control., 65, 160, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.021

Haftbaradaran, 2018, Assessment, mapping, and management of health risk from nitrate accumulation in onion for Iranian population, Ecotoxicol Environ Saf., 161, 777, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.016

Arshad, 2017, Status and trends of nutraceuticals from onion and onion by-products: a critical review, Cogent Food Agric., 3, 1280254, 10.1080/23311932.2017.1280254

Galavi, 2021, The effects of Allium cepa L. (onion) and its active constituents on metabolic syndrome: a review, Iran J Basic Med Sci., 24, 3, 10.22038/ijbms.2020.46956.10843

Moreno-Rojas, 2018, Development and validation of UHPLC-HRMS methodology for the determination of flavonoids, amino acids and organosulfur compounds in black onion, a novel derived product from fresh shallot onions (Allium cepa var. aggregatum), LWT-Food Sci Technol., 97, 376, 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.07.032

Zamri, 2019, H. Comparative study of onion (Allium cepa) and leek (Allium ampeloprasum): identification of organosulphur compounds by UPLC-QTOF/MS and anticancer effect on MCF-7 cells, Plant Foods Hum Nutr., 74, 525, 10.1007/s11130-019-00770-6

Lee, 2017, Quercetin, a functional compound of onion peel, remodels white adipocytes to brown-like adipocytes, J Nutr Biochem., 42, 62, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.12.018

Ren, 2017, Higher antioxidant activity, total flavonols, and specific quercetin glucosides in two different onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties grown under organic production: results from a 6-year field study, J Agric Food Chem., 65, 5122, 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01352

Viera, 2017, Extraction of phenolic compounds and evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of red onion skin (Allium cepa L.), Int Food Res J., 24, 990

Ma, 2018, Antioxidant and antibacterial evaluation of polysaccharides sequentially extracted from onion (Allium cepa L.), Int J Biol Macromol., 111, 92, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.154

Lanzotti, 2012, Antifungal saponins from bulbs of white onion, Allium cepa L, Phytochemistry., 74, 133, 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.11.008

Dahlawi, 2020, Formulation and characterization of oil-in-water nanoemulsions stabilized by crude saponins isolated from onion skin waste, RSC Adv., 10, 39700, 10.1039/D0RA07756A

Zhang, 2016, Quantification and analysis of anthocyanin and flavonoids compositions, and antioxidant activities in onions with three different colors, J Integ Agric., 15, 2175, 10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61385-0

Beesk, 2010, Distribution of quercetin-3, 4'-O-diglucoside, quercetin-4'-O-monoglucoside, and quercetin in different parts of the onion bulb (Allium cepa L.) influenced by genotype, Food Chem., 122, 566, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.011

Park, 2018, Comparison of the antioxidant properties and flavonols in various parts of Korean red onions by multivariate data analysis, Horticulture Environ Biotechnol., 59, 919, 10.1007/s13580-018-0091-2

Fernandez-Jalao, 2017, Influence of food matrix and high-pressure processing on onion flavonols and antioxidant activity during gastrointestinal digestion, J Food Eng., 213, 60, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.02.015

Burak, 2017, Higher plasma quercetin levels following oral administration of an onion skin extract compared with pure quercetin dihydrate in humans, Eur J Nutr., 56, 343, 10.1007/s00394-015-1084-x

Watanabe, 2018, Changes in quercetin content and antioxidant capacity of quercetin-rich onion cultivar 'quer-gold' during cooking, J Jpn Soc Food Sci Technol Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi., 65, 63, 10.3136/nskkk.65.63

Cattivelli, 2021, Influence of cooking methods on onion phenolic compounds bioaccessibility, Foods., 10, 1023, 10.3390/foods10051023

Kim, 2016, Change in organosulfur compounds in onion (Allium cepa L.) during heat treatment, Food Sci Biotechnol., 25, 115, 10.1007/s10068-016-0017-7

Moreno-Ortega, 2020, Changes in the antioxidant activity and metabolite profile of three onion varieties during the elaboration of ‘black onion’, Food Chem., 311, 125958, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125958

Shang, 2019, Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.), Foods., 8, 246, 10.3390/foods8070246

Mao, 2019, Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Foods., 8, 185, 10.3390/foods8060185

Shang, , Sweet tea (Lithocarpus polystachyus rehd.) as a new natural source of bioactive dihydrochalcones with multiple health benefits, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 10.1080/10408398.2020.1830363

Lin, 2021, State-of-the-art review of dark tea: from chemistry to health benefits, Trends Food Sci Technol., 109, 126, 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.030

Gan, 2017, Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of germinated edible seeds and sprouts: an updated review, Trends Food Sci Technol., 59, 1, 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.010

Meng, 2020, Health benefits and molecular mechanisms of resveratrol: a narrative review, Foods., 9, 340, 10.3390/foods9030340

Xu, 2018, Bioactivity, health benefits, and related molecular mechanisms of curcumin: current progress, challenges, and perspectives, Nutrients., 10, 1553, 10.3390/nu10101553

Farha, , The anticancer potential of the dietary polyphenol rutin: current status, challenges, and perspectives, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 10.1080/10408398.2020.1829541

Ulusoy, 2020, A minireview of quercetin: from its metabolism to possible mechanisms of its biological activities, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr., 60, 3290, 10.1080/10408398.2019.1683810

Gandhi, 2020, Citrus flavonoids as promising phytochemicals targeting diabetes and related complications: a systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies, Nutrients., 12, 2907, 10.3390/nu12102907

Zhang, 2020, Antivirulence properties and related mechanisms of spice essential oils: a comprehensive review, Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf., 19, 1018, 10.1111/1541-4337.12549

Marefati, 2018, The effect of Allium cepa extract on lung oxidant, antioxidant, and immunological biomarkers in ovalbumin-sensitized rats, Med Princ Pract., 27, 122, 10.1159/000487885

Nwonuma, 2021, Antioxidant and the ameliorating effect of Allium cepa (Onion) fortified feed against potassium bromate induced oxidative damage in Wistar rats, Toxicol Rep., 8, 759, 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.029

Omar, 2020, Effects of phenolic-rich onion (Allium cepa L.) extract on the growth performance, behavior, intestinal histology, amino acid digestibility, antioxidant activity, and the immune status of broiler chickens, Front Vet Sci., 7, 728, 10.3389/fvets.2020.582612

Fawole, 2020, Dietary combination of pawpaw seed and onion peel powder: impact on growth, haematology, biochemical and antioxidant status of Clarias gariepinus, Aquacult Res, 51, 2903, 10.1111/are.14629

Law, 2016, Consumption of onion juice modulates oxidative stress and attenuates the risk of bone disorders in middle-aged and post-menopausal healthy subjects, Food Funct., 7, 902, 10.1039/C5FO01251A

Orasan, 2017, Antimicrobial activity and thiosulfinates profile of a formulation based on Allium cepa L. extract, Open Chem., 15, 175, 10.1515/chem-2017-0021

Ortega-Ramirez, 2017, Combination of Cymbopogon citratus and Allium cepa essential oils increased antibacterial activity in leafy vegetables, J Sci Food Agric, 97, 2166, 10.1002/jsfa.8025

Khanam, 2019, Biosynthesis and characterization of graphene by using non-toxic reducing agent from Allium cepa extract: anti-bacterial properties, Int J Biol Macromol., 126, 151, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.213

Al-Yousef, 2019, Beta-Sitosterol derived compound from onion husks non-polar fraction reduces quorum sensing controlled virulence and biofilm production, Saudi Pharm J., 27, 664, 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.04.001

Chand, 2019, Green synthesis characterization and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus of silver nanoparticles using extracts of neem, onion and tomato, RSC Adv, 9, 17002, 10.1039/C9RA01407A

Pagano, 2020, Bioadhesive polymeric films based on red onion skins extract for wound treatment: an innovative and eco-friendly formulation, Molecules., 25, 318, 10.3390/molecules25020318

Kocic-Tanackov, 2017, Antifungal activity of the onion (Allium cepa L.) essential oil against Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species isolated from food, J Food Proc Preserv., 41, e13050, 10.1111/jfpp.13050

Ibrahim, 2020, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using onion endophytic bacterium and its antifungal activity against rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, J Fungi, 6, 294, 10.3390/jof6040294

Genatrika, 2020, Gel potential of red onion (Allium cepa L.) ethanol extract as antifungal cause tinea pedis, J Pharm Bioallied Sci., 12, 733, 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_256_19

Yamasaki, 2021, Onion (Allium cepa L.)-derived nanoparticles inhibited lps-induced nitrate production, however, their intracellular incorporation by endocytosis was not involved in this effect on RAW264 cells, Molecules., 26, 2763, 10.3390/molecules26092763

Ghorani, 2018, The effects of Allium cepa extract on tracheal responsiveness, lung inflammatory cells and phospholipase A2 level in asthmatic rats, Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol., 17, 221

Khajah, 2019, Onion bulb extract reduces colitis severity in mice via modulation of colonic inflammatory pathways and the apoptotic machinery, J Ethnopharmacol., 241, 112008, 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112008

Dimitry, 2021, Antioxidant property, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous extracts of two onion bulbs varieties (Allium cepa L.), Clin Phytosci., 7, 49, 10.1186/s40816-021-00284-2

Yu, 2021, Onion (Allium cepa L.) peel extract effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese mice, Food Biosci., 41, 101019, 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101019

Devarshi, 2017, Quercetin and quercetin-rich red onion extract alter Pgc-1 alpha promoter methylation and splice variant expression, PPAR Research., 2017, 3235693, 10.1155/2017/3235693

Yang, 2018, Anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of garlic oil and onion oil in rats fed a high-fat diet, Nutr Metab., 15, 43, 10.1186/s12986-018-0275-x

Nishimura, 2020, Effect of daily ingestion of quercetin-rich onion powder for 12 weeks on visceral fat: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, Nutrients., 12, 91, 10.3390/nu12010091

Jeong, 2020, Effect of steamed onion (ONIRO) consumption on body fat and metabolic profiles in overweight subjects: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, J Am Coll Nutr., 39, 206, 10.1080/07315724.2019.1635052

Choi, 2020, Onion peel extract increases erythrocyte membrane n-3 fatty acids in overweight and obese Korean subjects, J Med Food., 23, 37, 10.1089/jmf.2018.4366

Fallah, 2017, Protective effect of Allium cepa (onion) seeds (AC) extract on histopathology of testis in STZ-induced male rats, Int J Morphol., 35, 1517, 10.4067/S0717-95022017000401517

Pradeep, 2017, Amelioration of hyperglycemia and associated metabolic abnormalities by a combination of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds and onion (Allium cepa) in experimental diabetes, J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol., 28, 493, 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0140

Pradeep, 2017, Amelioration of oxidative stress by dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds is potentiated by onion (Allium cepa L.) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab., 42, 816, 10.1139/apnm-2016-0592

Pradeep, 2018, Alleviation of cardiac damage by dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds is potentiated by onion (Allium cepa) in experimental diabetic rats via blocking renin-angiotensin system, Cardiovasc Toxicol., 18, 221, 10.1007/s12012-017-9431-1

Pradeep, 2018, Alleviation of oxidative stress-mediated nephropathy by dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds and onion (Allium cepa) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Food Funct., 9, 134, 10.1039/C7FO01044C

Pradeep, 2018, Ameliorative influence of dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds and onion (Allium cepa) on eye lens abnormalities via modulation of crystallin proteins and polyol pathway in experimental diabetes, Curr Eye Res., 43, 1108, 10.1080/02713683.2018.1484146

Pradeep, 2018, Haemato-protective influence of dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds is potentiated by onion (Allium cepa L.) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Biomed Pharmacother., 98, 372, 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.037

Abouzed, 2018, Red onion scales ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in Wistar rats in relation to their metabolite fingerprint, Diab Res Clin Pract., 140, 253, 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.042

Kang, 2018, Calorie restriction effect of heat-processed onion extract (ONI) using in vitro and in vivo animal models, Int J Mol Sci., 19, 874, 10.3390/ijms19030874

Pradeep, 2019, Attenuation of diabetic nephropathy by dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds and onion (Allium cepa) via suppression of glucose transporters and renin-angiotensin system, Nutrition., 110543, 10.1016/j.nut.2019.06.024

Masood, 2021, Investigation of the anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of wheat bread supplemented with onion peel extract and onion powder in diabetic rats, J Diab Metab Disord., 20, 485, 10.1007/s40200-021-00770-x

Ebrahimi-Mamaghani, 2018, Raw red onion intake and insulin resistance markers in overweight or obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled-clinical trial, Prog Nutr., 20, 199, 10.23751/pn.v20i1-S.6109

Fredotovic, 2017, Chemical composition and biological activity of Allium cepa L. and Allium × cornutum (Clementi ex Visiani 1842) methanolic extracts, Molecules, 22, 448, 10.3390/molecules22030448

Murayyan, 2017, Antiproliferative activity of Ontario grown onions against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, Food Res Int., 96, 12, 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.017

Fredotovic, 2020, Comparison of organosulfur and amino acid composition between triploid onion Allium cornutum Clementi ex Visiani, 1842, and common onion Allium cepa L., and evidences for antiproliferative activity of their extracts, Plants-Basel., 9, 98, 10.3390/plants9010098

Nile, 2021, Novel insights on the multi-functional properties of flavonol glucosides from red onion (Allium cepa L) solid waste—in vitro and in silico approach, Food Chem., 335, 127650, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127650

Nile, 2021, Spiraeoside extracted from red onion skin ameliorates apoptosis and exerts potent antitumor, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects, Food Chem Toxicol., 154, 112327, 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112327

Alzandi, , Onion extract encapsulated on nano chitosan: a promising anticancer agent, J Gastrointest Cancer., 10.1007/s12029-021-00591-4

Fujiwara, 2016, Onionin A a sulfur-containing compound isolated from onions, impairs tumor development and lung metastasis by inhibiting the protumoral and immunosuppressive functions of myeloid cells, Mol Nutr Food Res., 60, 2467, 10.1002/mnfr.201500995

Jafarpour-Sadegh, 2017, Consumption of fresh yellow onion ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in breast cancer patients during doxorubicin-based chemotherapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial, Integr Cancer Ther., 16, 276, 10.1177/1534735416656915

Ko, 2018, Antioxidant and antiplatelet potential of different methanol fractions and flavonols extracted from onion (Allium cepa L.), 3 Biotech., 8, 155, 10.1007/s13205-018-1184-4

Kang, 2016, Hypocholesterolemic effect of quercetin-rich onion peel extract in C57BL/6J mice fed with high cholesterol diet, Food Sci Biotechnol., 25, 855, 10.1007/s10068-016-0141-4

Gonzalez-Pena, 2017, Role of dietary onion in modifying the faecal bile acid content in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, Food Funct., 8, 2184, 10.1039/C7FO00412E

Gonzalez-Pena, 2017, New insights into the effects of onion consumption on lipid mediators using a diet-induced model of hypercholesterolemia, Redox Biol., 11, 205, 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.002

Li, 2021, Effect of the polyphenol-rich extract from Allium cepa on hyperlipidemic sprague-dawley rats, J Food Biochem., 45, e13565, 10.1111/jfbc.13565

Chiu, 2016, Cardioprotective efficacy of red wine extract of onion in healthy hypercholesterolemic subjects, Phytother Res., 30, 380, 10.1002/ptr.5537

Brull, 2017, Acute intake of quercetin from onion skin extract does not influence postprandial blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese adults with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, Eur J Nutr., 56, 1347, 10.1007/s00394-016-1185-1

Brull, 2017, No effects of quercetin from onion skin extract on serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-) hypertension: a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial, Eur J Nutr., 56, 2265, 10.1007/s00394-016-1267-0

Tamtaji, 2017, Protective effects of red onion (Allium cepa) ethanolic extract on learning and memory impairments in animal models of diabetes, Galen Med J., 6, 249, 10.22086/gmj.v6i3.909

Khan, 2020, Ameliorative potential of Allium cepa Lam. leaves on diabetes induced and chronic constriction injury induced neuropathic pain in experimental rats, Indian J Pharm Educ Res., 54, 143, 10.5530/ijper.54.1.17

Kumar, 2020, Allium cepa exerts neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells of pterygopalatine artery (PPA) ligated mice, J Ayurveda Integr Med., 11, 489, 10.1016/j.jaim.2019.08.002

Singh, 2020, Isolation and characterization of components responsible for neuroprotective effects of Allium cepa outer scale extract against ischemia reperfusion induced cerebral injury in mice, J Food Sci., 85, 4009, 10.1111/1750-3841.15474

Mete, 2016, Protective effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, Toxicol Indust Health., 32, 551, 10.1177/0748233713504807

Emamat, 2018, The effects of onion consumption on prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Indian J Clin Biochem., 33, 75, 10.1007/s12291-017-0636-7

Memarzia, 2019, The contribution of beta-2 adrenergic, muscarinic and histamine (H-1) receptors, calcium and potassium channels and cyclooxygenase pathway in the relaxant effect of Allium cepa L. on the tracheal smooth muscle, J Ethnopharmacol., 241, 112012, 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112012

Zaki, 2019, Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation potentials of Nigella sativa and onion extract on nicotine-induced lung damage, Folia Morphol., 78, 554, 10.5603/FM.a2018.0117

Alqasoumi, 2015, The use of onion (Allium cepa L.) treatment can mitigate gastric mucosal injury in rats, Issues Biol Sci Pharm Res., 3, 107, 10.15739/ibspr.020

Rahman, 2017, In vivo effects of Allium cepa L. on the selected gut microflora and intestinal histomorphology in broiler, Acta Histochem., 119, 446, 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.04.004

Grzelak-Blaszczyk, 2018, Onion quercetin monoglycosides alter microbial activity and increase antioxidant capacity, J Nutr Biochem., 56, 81, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.002

Hong, 2018, Effect of quercetin monoglycosides on oxidative stress and gut microbiota diversity in mice with dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis, BioMed Res Int., 2018, 8343052, 10.1155/2018/8343052

Nakayama, 2020, Cysteine sulfoxides enhance steroid hormone production via activation of the protein kinase a pathway in testis-derived I-10 tumor cells, Molecules., 25, 4694, 10.3390/molecules25204694

Shahverdi, 2017, Investigating the antioxidant effect of Allium cepa after exposure to escherichia coli on biochemical factors, the blood antioxidants, and testis tissue in rats, Crescent J Med Biol Sci., 4, 32

Khaki, 2017, The effects of Permethrin and antioxidant properties of Allium cepa (onion) on testicles parameters of male rats, Toxin Rev., 36, 1, 10.1080/15569543.2016.1235582

Khaki, 2017, Side effects of pyrethroid and supporting role of onion in the male rat's spermatogenesis, Chin Med J., 130, 3015, 10.4103/0366-6999.220297

Rajabzadeh, 2018, Antioxidant properties of Allium cepa (onion) against permethrin-induced toxicity on LHCGR and SF1 genes in male rats, Crescent J Med Biol Sci., 5, 327

Ofoego, 2021, Allium cepa (onion) extract enhances and protects testicular function and architecture against paraquat induced oxidative damage, Int J Life Sci Pharm Res., 11, 194, 10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.1.L194-203

Nassan, 2021, Ameliorative impacts of Allium cepa Linnaeus aqueous extract against testicular damage induced by dexamethasone, Andrologia., 53, e13955, 10.1111/and.13955

Jeje, 2021, Protective role of Allium cepa Linn (Onion) juice on maternal dexamethasone induced alterations in the reproductive functions of the female offspring of Wistar rats, Curr Res Physiol., 4, 145, 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.06.001

Yilmaz-Oral, , Restorative effects of red onion (Allium cepa L.) juice on erectile function after-treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitor in rats, Int J Impot Res., 10.1038/s41443-021-00421-y

Damaziak, 2017, Productive performance and egg quality of laying hens fed diets supplemented with garlic and onion extracts, J Appl Poul Res., 26, 337, 10.3382/japr/pfx001

Lisanti, 2016, Antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from different cultivars of Italian onion (Allium cepa) and relative human immune cell proliferative induction, Pharm Biol., 54, 799, 10.3109/13880209.2015.1080733

Sidhu, 2019, Onion (Allium cepa L.) is potentially a good source of important antioxidants, J Food Sci Technol Mysore., 56, 1811, 10.1007/s13197-019-03625-9

Manohar, 2017, Antioxidant activity of polyphenols from Ontario grown onion varieties using pressurized low polarity water technology, J Funct Foods., 31, 52, 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.037

Islam, 2019, Variability, heritability and trait association studies for bulb and antioxidant traits in onion (Allium cepa) varieties, Indian J Agric Sci., 89, 450

Yang, 2019, In vitro protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition and antioxidant property of different onion peel cultivars: a comparative study, Food Sci Nutr., 7, 205, 10.1002/fsn3.863

Sagar, 2020, Quantification of flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant properties of onion skin: a comparative study of fifteen Indian cultivars, J Food Sci Technol Mysore., 57, 2423, 10.1007/s13197-020-04277-w

Mitrova, 2016, Antioxidant activity, S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and polyphenol content in onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars are associated with their genetic background, Czech J Food Sci., 34, 127, 10.17221/268/2015-CJFS

Ren, 2017, Evaluation of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity in two onion varieties grown under organic and conventional production systems, J Sci Food Agric., 97, 2982, 10.1002/jsfa.8138

Muscolo, 2020, Sulfur bentonite-organic-based fertilizers as tool for improving bio-compounds with antioxidant activities in red onion, J Sci Food Agric., 100, 785, 10.1002/jsfa.10086

Mollavali, 2016, Flavonol glucoside and antioxidant enzyme biosynthesis affected by mycorrhizal fungi in various cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.), J Agric Food Chem., 64, 71, 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04791

Bettoni, 2017, The interaction between mycorrhizal inoculation, humic acids supply and elevated atmospheric CO2 increases energetic and antioxidant properties and sweetness of yellow onion, Hortic Environ Biotechnol., 58, 432, 10.1007/s13580-017-0122-4

Amalfitano, 2019, Yield, antioxidant components, oil content, and composition of onion seeds are influenced by planting time and density, Plants Basel., 8, 293, 10.3390/plants8080293

Zudaire, 2017, Quality and bioaccessibility of total phenols and antioxidant activity of calcots (Allium cepa L.) stored under controlled atmosphere conditions, Postharvest Biol Technol., 129, 118, 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.03.013

Chen, 2016, Levels of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and microbial counts of fresh-cut onions after treatment with a combination of nisin and citric acid, Hortic Environ Biotechnol., 57, 266, 10.1007/s13580-016-0032-x

Majid, 2016, Effect of sprouting on physicochemical, antioxidant and flavonoid profile of onion varieties, Int J Food Sci Technol., 51, 317, 10.1111/ijfs.12963

Majid, 2018, Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanin profile of sprouted onion powder, Acta Alimentaria., 47, 52, 10.1556/066.2017.0006

Wang, 2019, Comparative study on the flavonoids extraction rate and antioxidant activity of onions treated by three different drying methods, Drying Technol., 37, 245, 10.1080/07373937.2018.1482907

Salamatullah, 2021, The effect of oven drying on bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds of white and red-skinned onion slices, J Food Proc Preserv., 45, e15173, 10.1111/jfpp.15173

Cubukcu, 2019, Different effects of heating and freezing treatments on the antioxidant properties of broccoli, cauliflower, garlic and onion. An experimental in vitro study, São Paulo Med J., 137, 407, 10.1590/1516-3180.2019.004406082019

Al-Yousef, 2017, Simultaneous quantification of two phenolic biomarkers by a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method in antimicrobial antioxidant active ethyl acetate fraction of Allium cepa L. (peel), JPC J Planar Chromatogr Modern TLC., 30, 510, 10.1556/1006.2017.30.6.8

Ahmadi, 2018, Evaluation of the antiviral effects of aqueous extracts of red and yellow onions (Allium cepa) against avian influenza virus subtype H9N2, Iran J Vet Sci Technol., 10, 23

Farag, 2017, Phytochemical profiles and antimicrobial activities of Allium cepa red cv. and A. sativum subjected to different drying methods: a comparative MS-based metabolomics, Molecules., 22, 761, 10.3390/molecules22050761

Cheng, 2016, Preparation of onion-based composite and study on its antimicrobial activity, Adv Eng Mater Appl Mechan, 2015, 529, 10.1201/b19268-93

Patra, 2016, Green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by onion peel extract: synthesis, characterization and biological activities, Adv Powder Technol., 27, 2204, 10.1016/j.apt.2016.08.005

Sharma, 2018, Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles by Allium cepa L. to produce silver nano-coated fabric and their antimicrobial evaluation, Appl Organomet Chem., 32, e4146, 10.1002/aoc.4146

Quecan, 2019, Effect of quercetin rich onion extracts on bacterial quorum sensing, Front Microbiol., 10, 867, 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00867

Al-Yousef, 2017, Onion peel ethylacetate fraction and its derived constituent quercetin 4'-O-beta-D glucopyranoside attenuates quorum sensing regulated virulence and biofilm formation, Front Microbiol., 8, 1675, 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01675

Somrani, 2020, Garlic, onion, and cinnamon essential oil anti-biofilms' effect against Listeria monocytogenes, Foods., 9, 567, 10.3390/foods9050567

Ucak, 2018, Maintaining the quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets by treatment of red onion peel extract during refrigerated storage, Prog Nutr., 20, 672, 10.23751/pn.v20i4.7690

Li, 2020, Health benefits of the flavonoids from onion: constituents and their pronounced antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory capacities, J Agric Food Chem., 68, 799, 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07418

Michalak-Majewska, 2017, Antioxidant activity, technological and rheological properties of baked rolls containing dried onions (Allium cepa L.), J Food Proc Preserv., 41, e12914, 10.1111/jfpp.12914

Nile, 2018, Valorization of onion solid waste and their flavonols for assessment of cytotoxicity, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities, Food Chem Toxicol., 119, 281, 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.056

da Silva, 2020, Enhanced yield of bioactivities from onion (Allium cepa L.) skin and their antioxidant and anti-alpha-amylase activities, Int J Mol Sci., 21, 2909, 10.3390/ijms21082909

Benitez, 2017, Physicochemical properties and in vitro antidiabetic potential of fibre concentrates from onion by-products, J Funct Foods., 36, 34, 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.045

Nohara, 2017, Antitumor sulfur compounds from Allium species (onion, welsh onion, and garlic), Nat Prod Commun., 12, 1235, 10.1177/1934578X1701200821

Asemani, 2019, Allium vegetables for possible future of cancer treatment, Phytother Res., 33, 3019, 10.1002/ptr.6490

Desai, 2020, Onion and garlic intake and breast cancer, a case-control study in Puerto Rico, Nutr Cancer Int J., 72, 791, 10.1080/01635581.2019.1651349

Turati, 2015, Allium vegetable intake and gastric cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis, Mol Nutr Food Res., 59, 171, 10.1002/mnfr.201400496

Wu, 2019, Allium vegetables are associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer: a hospital-based matched case-control study in China, Asia Pacific J Clin Oncol., 15, e132, 10.1111/ajco.13133

Guercio, 2016, Allium vegetables and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a meta-analysis of observational studies, Mol Nutr Food Res., 60, 212, 10.1002/mnfr.201500587

Yasmin, 2017, Interaction of quercetin of onion with axon guidance protein receptor, NRP-1 plays important role in cancer treatment: an in silico approach, Interdiscip Sci Comput Life Sci., 9, 184, 10.1007/s12539-015-0137-4

Zhao, 2017, 8-C-(E-phenylethenyl)quercetin from onion/beef soup induces autophagic cell death in colon cancer cells through ERK activation, Mol Nutr Food Res, 61, 1600437, 10.1002/mnfr.201600437

Ravanbakhshian, 2018, Evaluation of anticancer activity of lacto- and natural fermented onion cultivars, Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci., 42, 1735, 10.1007/s40995-017-0348-0

Abdelrahman, 2017, Isolation and characterization of Cepa2, a natural alliospiroside A. from shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) with anticancer activity, Plant Physiol Biochem., 116, 167, 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.05.006

Zhou, 2020, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS based identification and antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic activities of aqueous extracts from storey onion (Allium cepa L. var. proliferurn Regel), Food Res Int., 130, 108969, 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108969

Petrovic, 2018, Anti-cancer potential of homemade fresh garlic extract is related to increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, Nutrients., 10, 450, 10.3390/nu10040450

Zolfaghari, 2021, Cinnamic acid derivatives from Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) and their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities, Phytochem Anal., 32, 84, 10.1002/pca.2924

Wang, 2016, Spirostanol saponins from Chinese onion (Allium chinense) exert pronounced antiinflammatory and anti-proliferative activities, J Funct Foods., 25, 208, 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.005

Wang, 2019, Furostanol saponins from Chinese onion induce G2/M cell-cycle arrest an apoptosis through mitochondria-mediate pathway in HepG2 cells, Steroids., 148, 11, 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.04.003

Aleksandar, 2019, Wild edible onions—Allium flavum and Allium carinatum—successfully prevent adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, Biomed Pharmacother., 109, 2482, 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.106

Grzelak-Blaszczyk, 2020, Protocatechuic acid and quercetin glucosides in onions attenuate changes induced by high fat diet in rats, Food Funct., 11, 3585, 10.1039/C9FO02633A

Gonzalez-Pena, 2017, Metabolomic fingerprinting in the comprehensive study of liver changes associated with onion supplementation in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats, Int J Mol Sci., 18, 267, 10.3390/ijms18020267

Yang, 2019, Antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative potentials of onion (Allium cepa L.) extract fermented with a novel Lactobacillus casei HD-010, Evid Based Compl Altern Med., 2019, 3269047, 10.1155/2019/3269047

Dong, 2020, An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time, Lancet Infect Dis., 20, 533, 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1

Tian, 2020, Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing, J Infect., 80, 401, 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018

Amir, 2011, Comparative effect of garlic (Allium sativum), onion (Allium cepa), and black seed (Nigella sativa) on gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcer, Res Rep Med Chem., 1, 3, 10.2147/RRMC.S23032

Mousavi, 2016, Effects of inulin, savory and onion powders in diet of juveniles carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758) on gut micro flora, immune response and blood biochemical parameters, Turk J Fish Aquat Sci., 16, 831, 10.4194/1303-2712-v16_4_09

Kruljac, 2020, Symptoms of sexual dysfunction among men from infertile couples: prevalence and association with testosterone deficiency, Andrology., 8, 160, 10.1111/andr.12678

Saghafi-Asl, 2017, The effects of raw red onion consumption on serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, and hs-CRP in overweight/obese females with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled-clinical trial, Iran Red Crescent Med J., 19, e58674, 10.5812/ircmj.58674

Younes, 2021, Effects of onion (Allium cepa) in diets of Oreochromis niloticus: growth improvement, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and disease resistance perspectives, Aquacult Res., 52, 2324, 10.1111/are.15084

Lee, 2016, Heated apple juice supplemented with onion has greatly improved nutritional quality and browning index, Food Chem., 201, 315, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.092

Yuniarti, 2018, Inhibition of enzymatic browning by onion (Allium cepa L.): investigation on inhibitory mechanism and identification of active compounds, Curr Res Nutr Food Sci., 6, 770, 10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.3.19

Bernaś, 2021, Onion juice and extracts for the inhibition of enzymatic browning mechanisms in frozen A. bisporus mushrooms, J Sci Food Agricult., 101, 4099, 10.1002/jsfa.11045

Tinello, 2020, Valorization of onion extracts as anti-browning agents, Food Sci Appl Biotechnol., 3, 16, 10.30721/fsab2020.v3.i1.87

Jeong, 2017, Fermented onions extract inhibits tyrosinase and collagenase-1 activities as a potential new anti-photoaging agent, Nat Product Commun., 12, 1934578X1701200711, 10.1177/1934578X1701200711

Abdallah, 2020, Thiacloprid residues in green onion (Allium cepa) using micro liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Agricult Res., 9, 340, 10.1007/s40003-019-00440-8

Patel, 2016, Residue decline and risk assessment of fluopyram plus tebuconazole (400SC) in/on onion (Allium cepa), Environ Sci Pollut Res., 23, 20871, 10.1007/s11356-016-7331-8

Bai, 2021, Study on degradation behaviour, residue distribution, and dietary risk assessment of propiconazole in celery and onion under field application, J Sci Food Agricult., 101, 1998, 10.1002/jsfa.10817

Dubey, 2020, Persistence and dissipation kinetics of tebuconazole in apple, tomato, chilli and onion crops of Himachal Pradesh, India, Environ Sci Pollut Res., 27, 11290, 10.1007/s11356-020-07724-5

Herrmann, 2017, Postemergence weed control in onion with bentazon, flumioxazin, and oxyfluorfen, Weed Technol., 31, 279, 10.1017/wet.2016.16

Bystricka, 2016, The investigation of sensitivity of different types of onion to heavy metal intake from contaminated soil, Int J Environ Res., 10, 427, 10.22059/IJER.2016.58762

Gashi, 2020, Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity by sensitive biomarker delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) for onion plants cultivated in polluted areas in Kosovo, J Environ Sci Health B Pest Food Contam Agricult Wastes., 55, 462, 10.1080/03601234.2020.1721229

Yao, 2019, Full-color emissive carbon-dots targeting cell walls of onion for in situ imaging of heavy metal pollution, Analyst., 144, 3685, 10.1039/C9AN00418A

Yi, 2020, Environmental and edaphic factors affecting soil cadmium uptake by spinach, potatoes, onion and wheat, Sci Total Environ., 713, 136694, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136694

Gray, 2020, Mitigating cadmium accumulation in spinach and onions by the application of silicon fertilizer to soil, Soil Sediment Contam., 29, 532, 10.1080/15320383.2020.1747980

Page, 2016, Interactions between sanitizers and packaging gas compositions and their effects on the safety and quality of fresh-cut onions (Allium cepa L.), Int J Food Microbiol., 218, 105, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.11.017

Shock, 2016, Drip vs. furrow irrigation in the delivery of Escherichia coli to onions, Appl Eng Agricult., 32, 235, 10.13031/aea.32.11163

Wright, 2018, Field evidence supporting conventional onion curing practices as a strategy to mitigate Escherichia coli contamination from irrigation water, J Food Prot., 81, 369, 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-231

Emch, 2016, Conventional curing practices reduce generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. on dry bulb onions produced with contaminated irrigation water, Food Microbiol., 53, 41, 10.1016/j.fm.2015.08.004

Kim, 2017, Microbial decontamination of onion powder using microwave-powered cold plasma treatments, Food Microbiol., 62, 112, 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.006