Re‐evaluation of insect melanogenesis research: Views from the dark side

Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research - Tập 30 Số 4 - Trang 386-401 - 2017
Miranda M. A. Whitten1, Christopher J. Coates2
1Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
2Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

Tóm tắt

SummaryMelanins (eumelanin and pheomelanin) are synthesized in insects for several purposes including cuticle sclerotization and color patterning, clot formation, organogenesis, and innate immunity. Traditional views of insect immunity detail the storage of pro‐phenoloxidases inside specialized blood cells (hemocytes) and their release upon recognition of foreign bodies. Activated phenoloxidases convert monophenols into reactive quinones in a two‐step enzymatic reaction, and until recently, the mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylation remained a mystery. Herein, we present our interpretations of these enzyme–substrate complexes. The resultant melanins are deposited onto the surface of microbes to immobilize, agglutinate, and suffocate them. Phenoloxidase activity and melanin production are not limited to the blood (hemolymph) or cuticle, as recent evidence points to more diverse, sophisticated interactions in the gut and with the resident symbionts. This review offers insight into the somewhat neglected areas of insect melanogenesis research, particularly in innate immunity, its role in beneficial insects such as pollinators, the functional versatility of phenoloxidases, and the limitations of common experimental approaches that may impede progress inadvertently.

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Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research

Tập 30 Số 4

386-401

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