Tiếp cận động mạch quay so với động mạch đùi trong can thiệp mạch vành qua da: Ý nghĩa đối với các biến chứng mạch máu và chảy máu

Current Cardiology Reports - Tập 14 - Trang 502-509 - 2012
Sandeep Nathan1, Sunil V. Rao2
1University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
2Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, USA

Tóm tắt

Kể từ khi ra đời cách đây hơn hai thập kỷ, việc tiếp cận động mạch quay trong can thiệp thông tim và can thiệp qua da đã phát triển thành một phương pháp linh hoạt và dựa trên chứng cứ nhằm giảm thiểu rủi ro chảy máu tại vị trí tiếp cận và các biến chứng mạch máu mà không làm giảm phạm vi kỹ thuật hoặc tỷ lệ thành công liên quan đến các can thiệp mạch vành qua da hiện đại. Các nghiên cứu sớm đã cho thấy tỷ lệ biến chứng mạch máu và chảy máu tại vị trí tiếp cận giảm khi tiến hành can thiệp bằng động mạch quay nhưng lại kèm theo chi phí tăng tỷ lệ chuyển tiếp tại vị trí tiếp cận và giảm tỷ lệ thành công của thủ thuật. Dữ liệu hiện đại cho thấy rằng mặc dù tỷ lệ chảy máu lớn khi thực hiện can thiệp bằng động mạch đùi ở các nhóm bệnh nhân có nguy cơ tiêu chuẩn đã giảm đáng kể theo thời gian, phương pháp tiếp cận động mạch quay vẫn duy trì được những lợi thế đáng kể nhờ giảm thiểu các biến chứng mạch máu, thời gian nằm viện và nâng cao sự thoải mái của bệnh nhân, cũng như sự ưa thích của bệnh nhân đối với phương pháp này so với phương pháp động mạch đùi, trong khi vẫn đảm bảo tỷ lệ thành công của thủ thuật. Các sự kiện tim mạch bất lợi lớn và chảy máu là thấp nhất khi áp dụng phương pháp tiếp cận động mạch quay, khi các thủ thuật được thực hiện tại các trung tâm chuyên sâu về động mạch quay với các bác sĩ có kinh nghiệm, hoặc trong bối cảnh nhồi máu cơ tim ST đoạn nâng cao. Sự lựa chọn thuốc chống đông trong quá trình thủ thuật có ảnh hưởng khác nhau đến chảy máu tại vị trí tiếp cận trong PCI bằng động mạch quay so với động mạch đùi; tuy nhiên, chảy máu không liên quan đến vị trí tiếp cận vẫn là một yếu tố quan trọng góp phần vào hiện tượng chảy máu lớn ở cả hai nhóm. Mặc dù có rất nhiều dữ liệu hỗ trợ, việc áp dụng kỹ thuật tiếp cận động mạch quay làm chiến lược mặc định trong can thiệp thông tim tại Hoa Kỳ vẫn chậm hơn so với nhiều quốc gia khác. Tuy nhiên, các xu hướng gần đây cho thấy rằng sự quan tâm và áp dụng kỹ thuật này tại Hoa Kỳ đang gia tăng với tốc độ nhanh chóng hơn so với trước đây.

Từ khóa

#tiếp cận động mạch quay #can thiệp động mạch vành qua da #biến chứng mạch máu #chảy máu #phương pháp can thiệp

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Current Cardiology Reports

Tập 14

502-509

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