Race matters for women leaders: Intersectional effects on agentic deficiencies and penalties
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abele, 2014, Communal and agentic content in social cognition: A dual perspective model, Advances in experimental social psychology, 50, 195, 10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7
Abele, 2008, Fundamental dimensions of social judgment, European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1063, 10.1002/ejsp.574
Abele, 2008, Towards an operationalization of the fundamental dimensions of agency and communion: Trait content ratings in five countries considering valence and frequency of word occurrence, European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1202, 10.1002/ejsp.575
Alexander, 1999, Images and affect: A functional analysis of out-group stereotypes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 78, 10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.78
Alexander, 2005, Putting stereotype content in context: Image theory and interethnic stereotypes, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 781, 10.1177/0146167204271550
Allen, 2006, Rewarding good citizens: The relationship between citizenship behavior, gender, and organizational rewards, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 120, 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00006.x
Almquist, 1975, Untangling the effects of race and sex: The disadvantaged status of Black women, Social Science Quarterly, 56, 129
Anderson, 2011
Bakan, 1966
Balaji, 2010, The new Suzie Wong: Normative assumptions of White male and Asian female relationships, Communication, Culture & Critique, 3, 224, 10.1111/j.1753-9137.2010.01068.x
Barnum, 1995, Double jeopardy for women and minorities: Pay differences with age, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 863, 10.2307/256749
Beale, 1970, Double jeopardy: To be Black and female, 90
Berdahl, 2012, Prescriptive stereotypes and workplace consequences for East Asians in North America, Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 141, 10.1037/a0027692
Berdahl, 2006, Workplace harassment: Double jeopardy for minority women, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 426, 10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.426
Biernat, 1997, Gender- and race-based standards of competence: Lower minimum standards but higher ability standards for devalued groups, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 544, 10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.544
Biernat, 2010, Shifting standards and the inference of incompetence: Effects of formal and informal evaluation tools, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 855, 10.1177/0146167210369483
Bowleg, 2008, When Black+lesbian+Woman (does not equal) Black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research, Sex Roles, 59, 312, 10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z
Brenner, 1989, The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited, Academy of Management Journal, 32, 662, 10.2307/256439
Brescoll, 2011, Who takes the floor and why: Gender, power, and volubility in organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 56, 622, 10.1177/0001839212439994
Brescoll, 2008, Can an angry woman get ahead? Status conferral, gender, and expression of emotion in the workplace, Psychological Science, 19, 268, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02079.x
Bruckmuller, 2013, The density of the big two: How are agency and communion structurally represented, Social Psychology, 44, 63, 10.1027/1864-9335/a000145
Carrier, 2014, The primacy of agency over competence in status perception, Social Psychology, 45, 347, 10.1027/1864-9335/a000176
Carton, 2011, Explaining bias against Black leaders: Integrating theory on information processing and goal-based stereotyping, Academy of Management Journal, 54, 10.5465/amj.2009.0745
Cheryan, 2000, When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance: The psychological hazards of “model minority” status, Psychological Science, 11, 399, 10.1111/1467-9280.00277
Childs, 2005, Looking behind the stereotypes of the “angry black woman”: An exploration of black women's responses to interracial relationships, Gender and Society, 19, 544, 10.1177/0891243205276755
Choi, 2007, Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Bem Sex Role Inventory, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 67, 818, 10.1177/0013164406299106
Chow, 1987, The development of feminist onsciousness among Asian American women, Gender and Society, 1, 284, 10.1177/089124387001003004
Chung, 2008
Cohen, 1960, A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37, 10.1177/001316446002000104
Cole, 2009, Intersectionality and research in psychology, American Psychologist, 64, 170, 10.1037/a0014564
Collins, 1991
Crenshaw, 1989, Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics, 139
Cuddy, 2008, Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS Map, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61, 10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0
Czopp, 2006, Standing up for a change: Reducing bias through interpersonal confrontation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 784–803
Davis, 1983
Devine, 1989, Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5, 10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
Devine, 1995, Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1139, 10.1177/01461672952111002
Diekman, 1999, Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171, 10.1177/0146167200262001
Diekman, 2010, Seeking congruity between goals and roles: A new look at why women opt out of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers, Psychological Science, 21, 1051, 10.1177/0956797610377342
Diekman, 2001, Malleability in communal goals and beliefs influences attraction to stem careers: Evidence for a goal congruity perspective, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 902, 10.1037/a0025199
Eagly, 2002, Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders, Psychological Review, 109, 573, 10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573
Ely, 1994, The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 203, 10.2307/2393234
Epstein, 1973, Black and female: The double whammy, Psychology Today, 89, 57
Fisher, 2015
Fiske, 2002, A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878, 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
Fleishman, 1953, The description of supervisory behavior, Jorunal of Applied Psychology, 37, 1, 10.1037/h0056314
Foschi, 2000, Double standards for competence: Theory and research, Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 21, 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.21
Galinsky, 2013, Gendered races: Implications for interracial marriage, leadership selection, and athletic participation, Psychological Science, 24, 498, 10.1177/0956797612457783
Ghavami, 2012, An intersectional analysis of gender and ethnic stereotypes: Testing three hypotheses, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37, 113, 10.1177/0361684312464203
Giddings, 1985
Gill, 2004, When information does not deter stereotyping: Prescriptive stereotyping can foster bias under conditions that deter descriptive stereotyping, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 619, 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.12.001
Goff, 2008, “Aint I a woman?”: Towards an intersectional approach to person perception and group-based harms, Sex Roles, 59, 392, 10.1007/s11199-008-9505-4
Gonzalez, 1982, Sex-roles of the traditional Mexican family—A comparison of Chicano and Anglo students-attitudes, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13, 330, 10.1177/0022002182013003004
Hall, E., Phillips, K., Rudman, L., Glick, P., Livingston, R., Rosette, A., & Washington, E. (2012). Descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes as a function of race and gender. Unpublished data.
Harris-Perry, 2011
Heilman, 1983, Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model, Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 269
Heilman, 2005, No credit where credit is due: Attributional rationalization of women's success in male–female teams, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 905, 10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.905
Heilman, 2007, Why are women penalized for success at male tasks? The implied communality deficit, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 81, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81
Heilman, 2010, Wimpy and undeserving of respect: Penalties for men's gender-inconsistent success, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 664, 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.01.008
Heilman, 1989, Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women, and managers, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 935, 10.1037/0021-9010.74.6.935
Heilman, 2004, Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 416, 10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.416
Heim, 1990, Keeping the power dead even, Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 45, 232
Homma-True, 1997, Japanese American families, 114
hooks, 1989
Jones, 2003
Joshi, 2015, When can women close the gap? A meta-analytic test of sex differences in performance and rewards, Academy of Management Journal, 58, 1516, 10.5465/amj.2013.0721
Jost, 1994, The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness, British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1, 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x
Jost, 2005, Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 498, 10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.498
Kamenou, 2006, Ethnic minority women: A lost voice in HRM, Human Resource Management Journal, 16, 154, 10.1111/j.1748-8583.2006.00010.x
Katz, 1933, Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 282, 10.1037/h0074049
Kitano, 1973, The model minorities, Journal of Social Issues, 29, 1, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00069.x
Knutson, 1996, Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20, 165, 10.1007/BF02281954
Koch, 2015, A meta-analysis of gender stereotypes and bias in experimental simulations of employment decision making, Journal of Applied Pscyhology, 100, 128, 10.1037/a0036734
Koenig, 2014, Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups' roles shape stereotypes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 371, 10.1037/a0037215
Landis, 1977, The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data, Biometrics, 159-174
Lee, 2014, Discrimination in selection decisions: Integrating stereotype fit and interdepence theories, Academy of Management Journal, 58, 789, 10.5465/amj.2013.0571
Lin, 2005, Stereotype content model explains prejudice for an envied outgroup: Scale of anti-Asian American stereotypes, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 34, 10.1177/0146167204271320
Livingston, 2013, Gender, race, and leadership: An examination of the challenges facing non-prototypical leaders
Livingston, 2012, Can an agentic Black woman get ahead? The impact of race and agentic emotional expression on female leader status, Psychological Science, 23, 354, 10.1177/0956797611428079
Lord, 1991
Ma, A., Rosette, A. S., Koval, C., & Livingston, R. (2015). The multiple facets of agency. Unpublished manuscript.
Macrae, 1995, The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 578, 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.578
1996
Madera, 2009, Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1591, 10.1037/a0016539
Markus, 1991, Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, 98, 224, 10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Maurer, 1995, Subtyping versus subgrouping processes in stereotype representation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 812, 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.812
McAdams, 1996, Themes of agency and communion in significant autobiographical scenes, Journal of Personality, 64, 339, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00514.x
McDonald, 2011, Developing a theory of gendered prejudice: An evolutionary and social dominance perspective
Millard, 2006, The stereotypes of black and white women in fashion magazine photographs: The pose of the model and the impression she creates, Sex Roles, 54, 659, 10.1007/s11199-006-9032-0
Mok, 1998, Getting the message: Media images and stereotypes and their effect on Asian Americans, Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 4, 185, 10.1037/1099-9809.4.3.185
Neumark, 1996, Sex discrimination in restaurant hiring: An audit study, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111, 915, 10.2307/2946676
Niemann, 1994, Use of free responses and cluster analysis to determine stereotypes of eight groups, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 379, 10.1177/0146167294204005
Ogbu, 1985, A cultural ecology of competence among inner-city blacks, 45
Okimoto, 2010, The price of power: Power seeking and backlash against female politicians, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 923, 10.1177/0146167210371949
Ono, 2009
Paulhus, 2008, Self-presentation of personality, Handbook of personality psychology, 492-517
Pew Research Center, 2015
Pittinsky, 2000, Will a category cue affect you? Category cues, positive stereotypes and reviewer recall for applicants, Social Psychology of Education, 4, 53, 10.1023/A:1009656413789
Prasso, 2006, The Asian mystique: Dragon ladies, geisha girls, & our fantasies of the exotic orient
Pratt, 2012, Sisters in Law: Black women awyers' struggle for advancement
Prentice, 2002, What women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and dont have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 269, 10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066
Purdie-Vaughns, 2008, Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities, Sex Roles, 59, 377, 10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4
Purdie-Vaughns, 2012, Re-envisioning representation: Testing a general model of intersectionaliity
Reid, 1984, Feminism versus minority-group identity—Not for Black woman only, Sex Roles, 10, 247, 10.1007/BF00287778
Remedios, 2011, Not all prejudices are experienced equally: Comparing experiences of racism and sexism in female minorities
Richards, 2001, Subtyping and subgrouping: processes for the prevention and promotion of stereotype change, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 52, 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0501_4
Rosette, 2008, The white standard: Racial bias in leadership categorization, Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 758, 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.758
Rosette, 2012, Failure is not an option for Black women: Effects of organizational performance on leaders with single versus dual-subordinate identities, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1162, 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.002
Rosette, 2010, Agentic women and communal leadership: How role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders, Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 221, 10.1037/a0018204
Roth, 2012, A meta-analysis of gender group differences for measures of job performance in field studies, Journal of Management, 38, 719, 10.1177/0149206310374774
Rudman, 1998, Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 629, 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629
Rudman, 2004, Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior: The role of backlash in cultural stereotypes and prejudice, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 157, 10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.157
Rudman, 2001, Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women, Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743, 10.1111/0022-4537.00239
Rudman, 2008, Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 61, 10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.003
Rudman, 2012, Status incongruity and backlash effects: Defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 165, 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.008
Rule, 2009, She's got the look: Inferences from female chief executive officers' faces predict their success, Sex Roles, 61, 644, 10.1007/s11199-009-9658-9
Sanchez-Hucles, 2010, Women and women of color in leadership: Complexity, identity, and intersectionality, American Psychologist, 65, 171, 10.1037/a0017459
Schein, 1973, The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics, Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 95, 10.1037/h0037128
Schein, 2001, A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management, Journal of Social Issues, 57, 675, 10.1111/0022-4537.00235
Schug, 2015, Gendered race in mass media: Invisibility of Asian men and Black women in popular magazines
Scott, 2006, Female first, leader second? Gender bias in the encoding of leadership behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Making Processes, 101, 230, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.06.002
Sesko, 2010, Prototypes of race and gender: The invisibility of Black women, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 356, 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.016
Settles, 2006, Use of an intersectional framework to understand Black women's racial and gender identities, Sex Roles, 54, 589, 10.1007/s11199-006-9029-8
Sewell, 2013, Mammies and matriarchs: Tracing images of the Black female in popular culture 1950s to present, Journal of African American Studies, 17, 308, 10.1007/s12111-012-9238-x
Shih, 1999, Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance, Psychological Science, 10, 80, 10.1111/1467-9280.00111
Sidanius, 1999
Sinclair, 2006, Self-stereotyping in the context of multiple social identities, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 529, 10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.529
Suitner, 2008, The role of valence in the perception of agency and communion, European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1073, 10.1002/ejsp.525
Sy, 2010, Leadership perceptions as a function of race-occupation fit: The case of Asian Americans, Journal of Applied Pscyhology, 95, 902, 10.1037/a0019501
Taylor, 1997, Asian-Americans: Television advertising and the “model minority” stereotype, Journal of Advertising, 26, 47, 10.1080/00913367.1997.10673522
Tonnesen, 2013, Hit it and quit it: Responses to Black girls' victimization in school, Berkeley Journal of Gender Law & Justice, 28, 1
Townsend, 2010, I′m no Jezebel; I am young, gifted, and Black: Identity, sexuality, and Black girls, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 273, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01574.x
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014
Umberson, 1996, The effect of social relationships on psychological well-being: Are men and women really so different?, American Sociological Review, 61, 837, 10.2307/2096456
Van Vugt, 2007, Gender differences in cooperation and competition—The male-warrior hypothesis, Psychological Science, 18, 19, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01842.x
Walley-Jean, 2009, Debunking the myth of the “angry Black woman”: An exploration of anger in young African American women, Black Women, Gender & Families, 3, 68, 10.1353/bwg.0.0011
White, 2009, Think women, think warm: Stereotype content activation in women with a salient gender identity, using a modified Stroop task, Sex Roles, 60, 247, 10.1007/s11199-008-9526-z
Williams, 2014, Double jeopardy? An empirical study with implicatons for the debates over implicit bias and intersectionality, Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, 37, 185
Wingfield, 2007, The modern mammy and the angry Black man: African American professionals' experiences with gendered racism in the workplace, 196
Witt, 2010, Self-regulation of gendered behavior in everyday life, Sex Roles, 62, 635, 10.1007/s11199-010-9761-y
Ybarra, 2001, Young and old adults' concerns about morality and competence, Motivation and Emotion, 25, 85, 10.1023/A:1010633908298
Yoo, 2010, A preliminary report on a new measure: Internalization of the model minority myth measure (IM-4) and its psychological correlates among Asian American college students, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 114, 10.1037/a0017871
Yoo, 2014, Validation of the internalization of the model minority myth measure (IM-4)