Quercus rubra-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of disturbed urban sites and mature forests

Agerer R (1987–1996) Colour atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. Eichhorn-Verlag Eduard Dietenberger, Schwäbisch Gmünd

Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25:3389–3402

Ashkannejhad S, Horton TR (2006) Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer. New Phytol 169:345–354

Avis PG, Charvat I (2005) The response of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum to long-term increases in nitrogen supply. Mycologia 97:329–337

Bainard LD, Klironomos JN, Gordon AM (2011) The mycorrhizal status and colonization of 26 tree species growing in urban and rural environments. Mycorrhiza 21:91–96

Baxter JW, Dighton J (2001) Ectomycorrhizal diversity alters growth and nutrient acquisition of grey birch (Betula populifolia) seedlings in host-symbiont culture conditions. New Phytol 152:139–159

Baxter JW, Dighton J (2005) Diversity–functioning relationships in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. In: Dighton J, White JF, Oudemans P (eds) The fungal community. Its role and organization in the ecosystem. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 383–398

Baxter J, Pickett STA, Carreiro MM, Dighton J (1999) Ectomycorrhizal diversity and community structure in oak forest stands exposed to contrasting anthropogenic impacts. Can J Bot 77:771–782

Boerner RE, DeMars JBG, Leicht PN (1996) Spatial patterns of mycorrhizal infectiveness of soils long a successional chronosequence. Mycorrhiza 6:79–90

Clarke KR (1993) Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust J Ecol 18:117–143

Collins BR, Anderson KH (1994) Plant communities of New Jersey: a study in landscape diversity. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick

Cousins JR, Hope D, Gries C, Stutz JC (2003) Preliminary assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community structure in an urban ecosystem. Mycorrhiza 13:319–326

Danielson RM (1984) Ectomycorrhizal association in jack pine stands in northeastern Alberta. Can J Bot 62:932–939

Del Tredici P (2010) Wild urban plants of the northeast: a field guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

Dickie IA, Reich PB (2005) Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities at forest edges. J Ecol 93:244–255

Dickie IA, Koide RT, Fayish AC (2001) Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of Quercus rubra seedlings. New Phytol 151:257–264

Dickie IA, Schnitzer SA, Reich PB, Hobbie CE (2005) Spatially disjunct effects of co-occurring competition and facilitation. Ecol Lett 8:1191–1200

Dighton J, Mason PA (1985) Mycorrhizal dynamics during forest tree Development. In: Moore D, Casselton LA, Wood DA, Frankland JC (eds) Developmental biology of higher fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 117–139

Ditchkoff SS, Saalfeld ST, Gibson CJ (2006) Animal behavior in urban ecosystems: modifications due to human-induced stress. Urban Ecosyst 9:5–12

Eviner VT, Hawkes CV (2008) Embracing variability in the application of plant–soil interactions to the restoration of communities and ecosystems. Restor Ecol 16:713–729

Fleming LV (1983) Succession of mycorrhizal fungi on birch: infection of seedlings planted around mature trees. Plant Soil 71:263–267

Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes—application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2:113–118

Horton TR, Bruns TD (1998) Multiple-host fungi are the most frequent and abundant ectomycorrhizal types in a mixed stand of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and bishop pine (Pinus muricata). New Phytol 139:331–339

Horton TR, Bruns TD (2001) The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: peeking into the molecular black-box. Mol Ecol 10:1855–1871

Horton TR, van der Heijden M (2008) The role of symbioses in seedling establishment and survival. In: Leck MA, Parker VT, Simpson RL (eds) Seedling ecology and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 189–213

Jones MD, Durall DM, Cairney JWG (2003) Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in young forest stands regenerating after clearcut logging. New Phytol 157:399–422

Jumpponen A, Egerton-Warburton LM (2005) Mycorrhizal fungi in successional environments: a community assembly model incorporating host plant, environmental, and biotic filters. In: Dighton J, White FJ, Oudemans P (eds) The fungal community. Its role and organization in the ecosystem. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 139–168

Keizer PJ, Arnolds E (1994) Succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi in roadside verges planted with common oak (Quercus robur L.) in Drenthe, The Netherlands. Mycorrhiza 4:147–159

Kranabetter JM, Frieson J (2002) Ectomycorrhizal community structure on western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) seedlings transplanted from forests into openings. Can J Bot 80:861–868

Lilleskov EA, Bruns TD (2001) Nitrogen and ectomycorrhizal fungal communities: what we know, what we need to know. New Phytol 149:156–158

Lilleskov EA, Bruns TD (2005) Spore dispersal of a resupinate ectomycorrhizal fungus, Tomentella sublilacina, via soil food webs. Mycologia 97:762–769

Lilleskov EA, Fahey TJ, Lovett GM (2001) Ectomycorrhizal fungal aboveground community change over an atmospheric nitrogen deposition gradient. Ecol Appl 11:397–410

Lilleskov EA, Fahey TJ, Horton TR, Lovett GM (2002) Belowground ectomycorrhizal fungal community change over a nitrogen deposition gradient in Alaska. Ecology 83:104–115

Lundholm JT, Marlin A (2006) Habitat origins and microhabitat preferences of urban plant species. Urban Ecosyst 9:139–159

McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, Groffman P, Bohlen P, Parmelee RW, Carreiro MM, Medley K (1997) Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient. Urban Ecosyst 1:21–36

Neil K, Wu J (2006) Effects of urbanization on plant flowering phenology: a review. Urban Ecosyst 9:243–257

Newbound M, Mccarthy MA, Lebel T (2010) Fungi and the urban environment: a review. Landsc Urban Plan 96:138–145

Nuñez MA, Horton TR, Simberloff D (2009) Lack of belowground mutualisms hinders Pinaceae invasions. Ecology 90:2352–2359

O’Brien HE, Parrent JL, Jackson JA, Moncalvo J, Vilgalys R (2005) Fungal community analysis by large-scale sequencing of environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:5544–5550

Parsons WJ, Ehrenfeld JG, Handel SN (1998) Vertical growth and mycorrhizal infection of woody plant roots as potential limits to the restoration of woodlands on landfills. Restor Ecol 6:280–289

Pavao-Zuckerman MA (2008) The nature of urban soils and their role in ecological restoration in cities. Restor Ecol 16:642–649

Peay KG, Kennedy PG, Davies SJ, Tan S, Bruns TD (2010) Potential link between plant and fungal distributions in a dipterocarp rainsforest: community and phylogenetic structure of tropical ectomycorrhizal fungi across a plant and soil ecotone. New Phytol 185:529–542

Peter M, Ayor F, Egli S (2001) Nitrogen addition in a Norway spruce stand altered macromycete sporocarp production and below-ground ectomycorrhizal species composition. New Phytol 149:211–325

Read DJ, Birch CPD (1987) The effects and implications of disturbance of mycorrhizal mycelial systems. Proc R Soc Edinb 94B:13–24

Robinson L, Newell JP, Marzluff JM (2005) Twenty-five years of sprawl in the Seattle region: growth management responses and implications for conservation. Landsc Urban Plan 71:51–72

Shaw CG, Sidle RC (1982) Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. II. Available inoculum of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum. Can J For Res 13:9–11

Taylor AFS (2002) Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities: sampling effort and species detection. Plant Soil 244:19–28

Taylor DL, Bruns TD (1999) Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities. Mol Ecol 8:1837–1850

van der Heijden MGA, Horton TR (2009) Socialism in soil? The importance of mycorrhizal fungal networks for facilitation in natural ecosystems. J Ecol 97:1139–1150

Wallenda T, Kottke I (1998) Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol 139:169–187

Weiher E (2007) On the status of restoration science: obstacles and opportunities. Restor Ecol 15:340–343