Quantitative Comparison of Heavy Metals and As Accumulation in Agricultural and Forest Soils near Bowling Green, Ohio
Tóm tắt
Soil samples from agricultural and adjacent forest soils in Northwest Ohio were collected and analyzed for As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. pH, Eh, electrical conductivity, and moisture content were also measured. Selected samples were also evaluated for grain size and X-rayed to identify clay minerals. In this region, soils contain a large proportion of fines (∼32% clay and ∼37% silt) with illite, dickite, and chlorite as the main clay minerals. Surface soils in the arable land are slightly acidic (pH ∼5.6) while forest soils are near-neutral to slightly basic. All soils become more basic with depth. Soil Eh and electrical conductivity range from 300 to 450 mV and 100 to 375 μS, respectively. In the soil profiles, between 0 and 50 cm depth, As increases from 4.6 to 11 mg/kg, Cr increases from19 to 23 mg/kg and Ni increases 21 to 29 mg/kg. In contrast, Cu decreases from 23 to 17 mg/kg and Pb decreases from17 to 10 mg/kg. Surface enrichment of Cu and Pb can be the result of aerosol deposition, while the downward increase in As, Cr and Ni is related to pedogenic variation. The average concentration of Zn in the samples is 64 mg/kg and does not change with land-use or depth. With the exception of As, the concentration of metals in the agricultural soil is not significantly different from the concentration in forest soil. The concentration of As in the near-surface arable soil (5.6 mg/kg) is significantly different from the concentration of As in the near-surface forest soil (4.3 mg/kg). In both cases, deeper soils have similar As contents. The relative enrichment of As in the surface arable soil could indicate input from herbicides or pesticides. The upward increase in electrical conductivity is interpreted to show that the exchangeable fraction of each metal is higher in the surface soils. However, the near neutral pH and organic, clay-rich soils may limit the mobility. The concentration of these heavy metals and As in the soils are much lower than the limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Andresen, A. M., Johnson, A. H., & Siccama, T. G. (1980). Levels of lead, copper, and zinc in the forest floor in the northeastern United States. Journal of Environmental Quality, 9, 293–296.
Andersen, M. K., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Hansen, H. C. B., & Strobel, B. W. (2002). Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in pairs of arable and afforested soils in Denmark. European Journal of Soil Science, 53, 491–502. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00467.x.
Baas Becking, L. G. M., Kaplan, I. R., & Moore, D. (1960). Limits of the natural environment in terms of pH and oxidation potential. The Journal of Geology, 68, 243–284.
Bergkvist, B., Folkenson, L., & Berggren, D. (1989). Fluxes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems. A literature review. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 47, 217–286. doi:10.1007/BF00279328.
Berthelsen, B. O., & Steinnes, E. (1995). Accumulation patterns of heavy metals in soil profiles as affected by forest clear-cutting. Geoderma, 66, 1–14. doi:10.1016/0016-7061(94)00072-I.
Borůvka, L., Vacek, O., & Jehlička, J. (2005). Principal component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soils. Geoderma, 128, 289–300. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.010.
Bowles, J. E. (1992). Engineering properties of soils and their measurement (p. 241, 4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bradl, H. B. (2004). Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 277, 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.04.005.
Calhoun, F. G., Bigham, J. M., & Slater, B. K. (2002). Relationships among plant available phospophorus, fertilizer sales, and water quality in northwestern Ohio. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 38–46.
de la Rosa, G., Peralta-Videa, J. R., & Gardea-Torresdey, J. L. (2003). Utilization of ICP/OES for the determination of trace metal binding to different humic fractions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B97, 207–218. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00262-5.
De Temmerman, L., Vanongeval, L., Boon, W., Hoenig, M., & Geypens, M. (2003). Heavy metal content of arable soils in northern Belgium. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 148, 61–76. doi:10.1023/A:1025498629671.
Forsyth, J. L. (1966). The geology of the Bowling Green area, Wood County, Ohio. The Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, 43, 202–214.
Friedland, A. J., & Johnson, A. H. (1985). Lead distribution and fluxes in a high-elevation forest in northern Vermont. Journal of Environmental Quality, 14, 332–336.
Graedel, T. E., Van Beers, D., Bertram, M., Fuse, K., Gordon, R. B., Gritsinin, A., et al. (2004). Multilevel cycle of anthropogenic copper. Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 1242–1252. doi:10.1021/es030433c.
Hernandez, L., Probst, A., Probst, J. L., & Ulrich, E. (2003). Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: Evidence for atmospheric contamination. The Science of the Total Environment, 312, 195–219. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00223-7.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2004). Soil–plant transfer of trace elements—an environmental issue. Geoderma, 122, 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.004.
Kondratenko, N. A., & Sherstyuk, V. P. (1987). Spectroscopic characteristics of Cr(VI) oxyanions in water solutions. Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry, 22, 656–662. doi:10.1007/BF00524059.
Logan, T. J. & Miller, R. H. (1983). Background levels of heavy metals in Ohio farm soils. The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Research Circular 275.
McNulty, W. (2005). The creation of a GIS database and the determination of sludge spectral signature in an agricultural setting. Master of Science Thesis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, p. 89.
Merrington, G., Oliver, I., Smernik, R. J., & McLaughlin, M. J. (2003). The influence of sewage sludge properties on sludge-borne metal availability. Advances in Environmental Research, 8, 21–36. doi:10.1016/S1093-0191(02)00139-9.
Mico, C., Rectala, L., Peris, A., & Sanchez, J. (2006). Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere, 65, 863–872. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.016.
Miller, W. P., & McFee, W. W. (1983). Distribution of cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead in soils of Industrial Northwestern Indiana. Journal of Environmental Quality, 12, 29–33.
Möller, A., Müller, H. W., Abdullah, A., Abdelgawad, G., & Utermann, J. (2005). Urban soil pollution in Damascus, Syria: concentration and patterns of heavy metals in the soils of the Damascus Ghouta. Geoderma, 124, 63–71. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.04.003.
Nriagu, J. O. (1990). The rise and fall of leaded gasoline. The Science of the Total Environment, 92, 13–28. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(90)90318-O.
Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geologic Survey (1981) Geologic Map of Ohio. Revised 1947 (Reprinted 1981), Compiled by J. A. Bownocker. Map Number 1.
Ramsey, D. M., & Onasch, C. M. (1999). Fluid migration in a cratonic setting: the fluid histories of two fault zones in the eastern midcontinent. Tectonophysics, 305, 307–323. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00021-9.
Rapparlie, D. F., & Urban, D. R. (1966). Soil survey of Wood County, Ohio. USDA-Soil Conservation Service.
Richards, R. P., Calhoun, F. G., & Matisoff, G. (2002). The Lake Erie agricultural systems for environmental quality project: an introduction. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 6–16.
Smagunova, A. N., Ondar, U. V., Molchanova, E. I., Vashukevich, H. V., Kozlov, V. A., Aprelkov, N. G., et al. (2004). X-ray fluorescence determination of heavy metals in humic acids. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 59, 1066–1072. doi:10.1023/B:JANC.0000047009.01907.14.
Smedley, P. L., & Kinniburgh, D. G. (2002). A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 517–568. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5.
Steinnes, E., & Friedland, A. J. (2006). Metal contamination of natural surface soils from long-range atmospheric transport: Existing and missing knowledge. Environmental Reviews, 14, 169–186. doi:10.1139/A06-002.
Stephenson, T., & Lester, J. N. (1987). Heavy metal behaviour during the activated sludge process II. Insoluble metal removal mechanisms. The Science of the Total Environment, 63, 215–230. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(87)90047-7.
Storm, G. L., Fosmire, G. L., & Bellis, E. D. (1994). Persistence of metals in soil and selected vertebrates in the vicinity of the Palmerton zinc smelters. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 508–514.
Tanner, C. R. (2006). Vertical profile of heavy metal concentrations in soil from an agricultural field with and without applied sewage sludge in Bowling Green, Wood County, Ohio. Master of Science Thesis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, p. 61.
Tyler, G., & Olsson, T. (2002). Conditions related to solubility of rare and minor elements in forest soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 165, 594–601. doi:10.1002/1522–2624(200210)165:5<594::AID-JPLN594>3.0.CO;2-K.
USDA (2005). Soil survey of Wood County, Ohio. Interim Report, p. 678.
USEPA (1995). Test method 9045C, soil and waster pH. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/pdfs/9045c.pdf, p. 5. Accessed 18 December 2007.
USEPA (1996). Test method 3050B, acid digestion of sediments, sledges, and soil. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/pdfs/3050b.pdf, p. 11. Accessed 18 December 2007.
USEPA (1998). Guidance for data quality assessment, practical methods for data analysis, EPA QA/G-9, QA97 version. United States Environmental Protection Agency Quality Assurance Division, Washington, DC, 20460, 169.
USEPA (2002). Biosolids applied to land: Advancing standards and practices p. 282. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press.
Weng, L. P., Wolthoorn, A., Lexmond, T. M., Temminghoff, E. J. M., & Van Riemsdijk, W. H. (2004). Understanding the effects of soil characteristics on phytotoxicity and bioavailability of nickel using speciation models. Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 156–162. doi:10.1021/es030053r.
Wilcke, W., Guschker, C., Kobza, J., & Zech, W. (1999). Heavy metal concentrations, partitioning, and storage in Slovak forest and arable soils along a deposition gradient. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 162, 223–229. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-2624(199903)162:2<223::AID-JPLN223>3.0.CO;2-U.