Psychiatry, Law, and Revolution: A View from Egypt
Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry - Trang 1-19 - 2023
Tóm tắt
In 2009, Egypt adopted the “Law for the Care of Mental Patients,” a rights-based legislation intended to bring the country’s mental health system—otherwise defined by resource gaps and chronic underfunding—closer to global standards of care. Yet, the new act stirred dissension among Egyptian psychiatrists. And, in the immediate aftermath of the 2011 uprising, debates about the 2009 law became intertwined with debates about the present and future of the ‘new Egypt.’ Based on field research in Cairo, this article provides an ethnographic analysis of the making of this mental health act and of the ensuing debates as they unfolded in 2011–2012. Showing the diverging perspectives at the core of these debates on psychiatric power, patient rights, and the law’s fit in society, the article highlights the challenges of psychiatric reform in a country of the Global South. It also argues that in a context of revolutionary upheaval, debates about psychiatric reform become a site for political reflection and provide a language for imagining the future of the nation. The article also highlights the centrality of temporality in debating psychiatric reform in times of political transformation.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abdelrahman, M. (2007). The nationalization of the human rights debate in Egypt. Nations and Nationalism, 13(2), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00275.x
Abi-Rached, J. M. (2021). Psychiatry in the Middle East: The rebirth of lunatic asylums? Bjpsych International, 18(1), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2020.22
Antíc, A. (2021). Transcultural psychiatry: Cultural difference, universalism and social psychiatry in the age of decolonisation. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 45, 359–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-021-09719-4
Armbrust, W. (2019). Martyrs and tricksters: An ethnography of the Egyptian revolution. Princeton University Press.
Baqué, V. (1992). Regards sur l’asile et la folie dans L’Égypte du XIXe siècle. Annales Islamologiques, 26, 197–206.
Baqué, V. (1995). Du Bimarîstan à l’asile moderne: mise en place de l’institution et de la médicine psychiatriques en Égypte 1882–1930. Ph.D. Dissertation, Université de Provence.
Bayoumi, S., & Hamdy, S. (2022). Nationalism, authoritarianism, and medical mobilization in post-revolutionary Egypt. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 47, 37–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-022-09802-4
Brodwin, P. (2013). Everyday ethics: Voices form the front line of community psychiatry. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520954526
Callard, F., Sartorius, N., Arboleda-Flórez, J., Bartlett, P., Helmchen, H., Stuart, H., Taborda, J., & Thornicroft, G. (2012). Mental illness, discrimination, and the law: Fighting for social justice. Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119945352
Campidano, S., & Minniti F. (2018). Supporting people-centered reform of mental healthcare in Egypt. In Case studies on leaving no one behind: A companion volume to the development Co-operation report 2018. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264309333-en
Davis, E. A. (2012). Bad souls: Madness and responsibility in modern greece. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1198xn4
Deshpande, S. N., Kaur, J., Zaky, M., & Loza, N. (2013). Mental health legislation in India and Egypt: Ethical and practical aspects. International Journal of Mental Health, 42(1), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.2753/imh0020-7411420106
Egyptian initiative for personal rights. (2009a). Egypt’s new mental health bill: A first step on the right path. EIPR.
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. (2009b). Final adoption of ‘Mental Patients Law’ is a welcome step, further steps are needed to uphold mental health rights. EIPR, Press release, April 27. https://eipr.org/en/press/2009/04/final-adoption-%E2%80%98mental-patients-law%E2%80%99-welcome-step
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. (2011). “Changes to the implementing regulations of the law for the care of mental patients are a regressive measure which violates the law.” EIPR, Press release, June 16. https://eipr.org/en/press/2011/06/changes-implementing-regulations-law-care-mental-patients-are-regressive-measure-which
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights. (2019). Amendments to the mental health patient’s care law violate patients’ rights to health and safety. EIPR, Press release, December 15. https://eipr.org/en/press/2019/12/amendments-mental-health-patient%E2%80%99s-care-law-violate-patients%E2%80%99-rights-health-and-safety
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights; El Nadeem Center. (2009). Commentary on the draft implementing regulations of the law for the care of psychiatric patients. https://eipr.org/en/publications/commentary-draft-implementing-regulationsof-law-care-psychiatric-patients
El-Saadi, H. (2005). Changing attitudes towards women’s madness in nineteenth-century Egypt. Hawwa, 3(3), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1163/156920805774910015
El Shakry, O. (2017). The Arabic Freud: Psychoanalysis and Islam in modern Egypt. Princeton University Press.
Fassin, D. (2000). Les politiques de l’ethnopsychiatrie: La psyché africaine, des colonies africaines aux banlieues parisiennes. L’homme, 153, 231–250. https://doi.org/10.4000/lhomme.14
Fawzy, M. E. (2015). Quality of life and human rights conditions in a public psychiatric hospital in Cairo. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 8(4), 199–217. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-02-2015-0006
Fawzy, M. E. (2017). Mental health care in Egypt: Review of current state, policy, and needs. International Journal of Mental Health, 46(4), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2017.1367447
Foucault, M. (2006). Psychiatric power: Lectures at the collège de France, 1973–1974. In J. Lagrange (Ed.), Translated by Grahm Burchell. Picador
Gericke, C. A., Britain, K., Elmahdawy, M., & Elsisi, G. (2018). Health system in Egypt. In E. van Ginneken & R. Busse (Eds.), Health care systems and policies. Springer
Hamdy, S. (2012). Strength and vulnerability after Egypt’s Arab Spring uprisings. American Ethnologist, 39(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01345.x
Hamdy, S., & Bayoumi, S. (2016). Egypt’s popular uprisings and the stakes of medical neutrality. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 40, 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-015-9468-1
Jenkins, R., Heshmat, A., Loza, N., Siekkonen, I., & Sorour, E. (2010). Mental health policy and development in Egypt—Integrating mental health into health sector reforms 2001–9. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-4-17
Kerbage, H., El Chammay, R., & Richa, S. (2016). Mental health legislation in Lebanon: Nonconformity to international standards and clinical dilemmas in psychiatric practice. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 44, 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.031
Kilroy-Marac, K. (2019). An impossible inheritance: Postcolonial psychiatry and the work of memory in a West African clinic. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520971691
Loza, N. (2021). Mental health legislation in Egypt and patients’ rights. Alternative Policy Solutions, October 31. https://aps.aucegypt.edu/en/articles/748/mental-health-legislation-in-egypt-and-patients-rights
Loza, N., & El Nawawi, M. (2012). Mental health legislation in Egypt. International Psychiatry, 9(3), 64–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1749367600003246
Mayers, M. A. (1984). A century of psychiatry: The Egyptian mental hospitals. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University.
Mirza, M. Z. (2016). Are psychiatric hospitals in Egypt hurting mental health care? Egyptian Streets, December 13. https://egyptianstreets.com/2016/12/13/are-psychiatric-hospitals-in-egypt-hurting-mental-health-care/
Okasha, A., Karam, E., & Okasha, T. (2012). Mental health services in the Arab world. World Psychiatry, 11(1), 52–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.008
Rogan, E. (2002). Madness and marginality: The advent of the psychiatric asylum in Egypt and Lebanon. In E. L. Rogan (Ed.), Outside in: On the margins of the modern middle East. I.B. Tauris.
Sarhan, W., & Alqam, A. (2018). Mental health law in Jordan. International Psychiatry, 10(4), 90–91. https://doi.org/10.1192/S1749367600004057
Tadros, M. (2006). State welfare in Egypt since adjustment: Hegemonic control with a minimalist role. Review of African Political Economy, 33(108), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240600842701
Tsacoyianis, B. A. (2021). Disturbing spirits: Mental illness, trauma, and treatment in modern Syria and Lebanon. University of Notre Dame Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv19m61sh
Varma, S. (2016). Disappearing the asylum: Modernizing psychiatry and generating manpower in India. Transcultural Psychiatry, 53(6), 783–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461516663437
Vaughan, M. (1991). Curing their ills: Colonial power and African illness. Stanford University Press.
World Health Organization. (2006a). WHO-AIMS report on mental health system in Egypt. WHO and ministry of health Egypt.
World Health Organization. (2006b). Mental health in the Eastern mediterranean region: Reaching the unreached. WHO, Regional office for the Eastern Mediterranean.
Zaky, M. M. (2009). Egyptian legislation on the compulsory treatment of persons with psychiatric disorders: The old and the new. International Psychiatry, 6(3), 57–58. https://doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000576