Promoting the “Social” in the Examination of Social Stigmas

Personality and Social Psychology Review - Tập 9 Số 2 - Trang 156-182 - 2005
Michelle R. Hebl1, John F. Dovidio2
1Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston TX, USA.
2Department of Psychology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, US

Tóm tắt

This review highlights the value of empirical investigations examining actual interactions that occur between stigmatizers and targets, and is intended to stimulate and help guide research of this type. We identify trends in the literature demonstrating that research studying ongoing interactions between stigmatizers and targets is relatively less common than in the past. Interactive studies are challenging, complex, and have variables that are sometimes more difficult to control; yet, they offer unique insights and significant contributions to understanding stigma-related phenomena that may not be offered in other (e.g., self-report) paradigms. This article presents a conceptual and empirical overview of stigma research, delineates the unique contributions that have been made by conducting interactive studies, and proposes what can be further learned by conducting more of such research.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2

Allon, N., 1982, Psychological aspects of obesity: A handbook, 130

Allport, G. W., 1954, The nature of prejudice

Archer, D., 1985, The handbook of social psychology, 413

Arons, E., 1998, The handbook of social psychology, 4, 99

Azjen, I., 2000, Motivational science: Social and personality perspectives: Key readings in social psychology, 177

10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.272

10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00821.x

Blair, I. V., 2001, Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition, 359

10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1142

10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.828

10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.993

10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.253

10.1016/B978-012679130-3/50046-6

10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135

10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02457.x

10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191

10.1037/0033-2909.89.1.101

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1978.tb00768.x

10.1044/jshd.5501.75

10.1037/h0032922

10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.882

Crandall, C. S., 2000, Stigma: Social psychological perspectives, 126

10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414

10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359

10.1177/01461672962211007

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200005/06)30:3<355::AID-EJSP995>3.0.CO;2-M

10.1006/jesp.1998.1369

10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.60

Crocker, J., 1989, Psychological Bulletin, 96, 608

Crocker, J., 1994, The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario Symposium, 289

Crocker, J., 1998, The handbook of social psychology, 4, 504

10.1177/000276484027003008

10.1037/0033-2909.87.3.546

10.1177/014616728281016

10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.369

DePaulo, B. M., 1998, The handbook of social psychology, 4, 3

10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5

10.1016/B978-0-08-088579-7.50018-1

Devine, P. G., 2000, Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, 185

Devine, P. G., 1998, Confronting racism: The problem and the response, 234

10.1037/h0028996

Dovidio, J. F., 1996, Stereotypes and stereotyping, 276

10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.233

10.1016/0022-1031(86)90039-9

Dovidio, J. F., 1986, Prejudice, discrimination, and racism

10.1177/1368430203006001009

Dovidio, J., 2001, Blackwell handbook of social psychology, 175

Dovidio, J. F., 1997, Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, 137

10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62

10.1006/jesp.1997.1331

Dovidio, J. F., 2000, Stigma: Social psychological perspectives, 1

Duncan, S., Jr., 1977, Face-to-face interaction: Research, methods, and theory

Duncan, S., Jr., 1985, Interaction structure and strategy

10.2466/pms.1983.57.1.294

10.1037/h0036006

10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.414

10.1177/0265407591081006

Fallon, A., 1990, Body images: Development, deviance, and change, 80

Fazio, R. H., 1990, Research methods in personality and social psychology: Review of personality and social psychology, 74

10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013

10.1037/h0079074

10.1080/1354850021000059223

10.1037/0003-066X.48.6.621

Fiske, S. T., 1998, The handbook of social psychology, 357

10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.464

10.1177/0146167293194002

10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.140

10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.909

10.1037/h0031681

10.1037/0022-3514.35.10.691

Gaertner, S. L., 1986, Prejudice, discrimination, and racism, 61

10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.453

10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.509

Goffman, E., 1963, Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity

10.1016/S0022-1031(77)80005-X

10.1177/1368430200003003001

10.1037/h0080322

10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4

Griffith, K., 2002, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1191, 10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.1191

10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.708

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1978.tb00764.x

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1982.tb00882.x

10.1037/0022-3514.63.1.41

10.1177/014616727900500321

10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1790

Heatherton, T. F., 2000, Stigma: Social psychological perspectives

Hebb, D. O., 1968, Handbook of social psychology: Vol. 2. Research methods, 2, 729

10.1177/0146167202289010

10.1177/0146167298244008

Hebl, M., 2000, Stigma: Social psychological perspectives, 419

Hebl, M. R., 2002, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 223, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00214.x

10.1177/0146167202238369

Hebl, M., Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Hebl, M. R., 2000, The Social Psychology of Stigma, 273

Hendrick, C., 1990, Research methods in personality and social psychology

Hockenberry, J., 1995, Moving violations: War zones, wheelchairs, and declarations of independence

10.1177/1368430298012003

10.1037/0022-3514.47.2.330

Ickes, W., 1990, Review of personality and social psychology: Volume 11, Research methods in personality and social psychology, 16

Jones, E. E., 1984, Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships

Jost, J. T., 2001, The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations

10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01921.x

Jussim, L., 2000, Stigma: Social psychological perspectives, 374

Katz, I., 1981, Stigma: A social psychological analysis

10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb01014.x

10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00207.x

10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.893

10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.265

10.1177/0265407596132007

10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.128

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb02362.x

10.1207/s15324834basp0702_4

10.1177/001872676802100102

Kleck, R. E., 1969, Psychological Reports, 19, 1126

10.1177/001872676601900406

10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.861

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x

10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1387

10.1037/0022-3514.33.5.547

10.1016/0022-1031(76)90077-9

Leary, M. R., 1998, HIV infection and social interaction, 12

10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363

10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.5

Locke, E. A., 1990, A theory of goal setting and task performance

10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.918

10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.602

Mackie, D. M., From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups

10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.808

10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.735

10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.269

10.1016/S0065-2601(02)80007-7

10.1016/B978-012679130-3/50045-4

10.1006/jesp.2000.1470

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1959, Statistical Bulletin, 40, 1

Miller, C. T., 2000, The social psychology of stigma, 243

10.1016/B978-012679130-3/50044-2

10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00234.x

10.1177/01461672952110010

10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01129.x

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02216.x

10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.469

10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_4

10.1006/jesp.1994.1025

10.1037/h0036455

10.1177/0146167294202007

10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.55

10.1177/0146167201275004

10.1016/B978-012679130-3/50048-X

10.1037/0033-295X.89.3.231

10.1093/jpepsy/5.1.43

Pettigrew, T., 2000, Reducing prejudice and discrimination, 93

10.1037/h0077092

10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.114

10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.909

10.1177/0146167203029006011

10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741

10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.402

10.2307/2089861

10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02677.x

10.1023/A:1012242123824

10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00521-8

Richeson, J. A., Nature Neuroscience

10.1111/1467-9280.03437

10.1093/sf/70.2.367

10.1111/0022-4537.00233

10.1037/h0036209

10.1037/0022-3514.33.3.338

10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.856

10.1111/0022-4537.00239

10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.832

10.1037/0022-3514.70.4.701

Russell, K., 1992, The color complex: The politics of skin color among African Americans

10.1001/archpedi.1994.02170070019003

10.1207/S15327957PSPR0404_6

10.1177/1368430203006002003

10.1037/0022-0167.33.2.148

10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.474

Smart, L., 2000, Stigma: Social psychological perspectives, 220

10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01

10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60282-8

10.1037/0022-3514.37.12.2297

10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.69

10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797

Stephan, W. G., 2000, Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont Symposium on Applied Psychology, 23

Swim, J. K., 1998, Prejudice: The target's perspective

10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00033.x

Tiedens, L. Z., 2000, Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory, and practice, 71

10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.558

10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.690

10.1177/0146167201276006

10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.917

Weiner, B., 1995, Judgments of responsibility: A theory of social conduct

10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.738

Wilson, E. O., 1975, Sociobiology: The new synthesis

10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101

10.2307/3033572

10.1016/0022-1031(74)90059-6

Wyer, N., 1998, Stereotype activation and inhibition: Advances in social cognition, 227

Zajonc, R. B., 2000, Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition, 31