Prognostic factors for change in memory test performance after memory training in healthy older adults: a systematic review and outline of statistical challenges
Tóm tắt
The goal is to investigate prognostic factors for change in memory test performance in healthy older adults and to report and discuss the different statistical procedures used for investigating this topic in the literature. Prognostic factors were here understood as any measures that were investigated to estimate change in memory test performance. MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, CENTRAL, and PsycInfo were searched up to November 2019. Prognostic factor and prognostic factor finding studies investigating prognostic factors on verbal and non-verbal short- and long-term memory after conducting memory training in healthy older adults were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIPS tool. Our search yielded 12,974 results. We included 29 studies that address prognostic factors of change in memory test performance, including sociodemographic, (neuro-)psychological, genetic, and biological parameters. Studies showed high variation and methodological shortcomings with regard to the assessment, statistical evaluation, and reporting of the investigated prognostic factors. Included studies used different types of dependent variables (change scores vs. post-test scores) when defining change in memory test performance leading to contradictory results. Age was the only variable investigated throughout most of the studies, showing that older adults benefit more from training when using the change score as the dependent variable. Overall, there is a need for adequate reporting in studies of prognostic factors for change in memory test performance. Because of inconsistencies and methodological shortcomings in the literature, conclusions regarding prognostic factors remain uncertain. As a tentative conclusion, one may say that the higher the age of the participant, the more profound the improvement in memory test performance will be after memory training.
CRD42019127479
.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Reuter-Lorenz PA, Park DC. How does it STAC up? Revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Neuropsychol Rev. 2014;24(3):355–70 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-014-9270-9.
Kallio E-L, Öhman H, Kautiainen H, Hietanen M, Pitkälä K. Cognitive training interventions for patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease : JAD. 2017;56(4):1349–72 https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160810.
Chiu H-L, Chu H, Tsai J-C, Liu D, Chen Y-R, Yang H-L, Chou K-R. The effect of cognitive-based training for the healthy older people: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS One. 2017;12(5):e0176742 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176742.
Lampit A, Hallock H, Valenzuela M. Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Med. 2014;11(11):e1001756 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001756.
Salthouse TA. Effects of age and ability on components of cognitive change. Intelligence. 2013;41(5):501–11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.005.
Riley RD, Hayden JA, Steyerberg EW, Moons KGM, Abrams K, Kyzas PA, et al. Prognosis research strategy (PROGRESS) 2: Prognostic factor research. PLoS Med. 2013;10(2):e1001380 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001380.
Park S, Ryu S-H, Yoo Y, Yang J-J, Kwon H, Youn J-H, et al. Neural predictors of cognitive improvement by multi-strategic memory training based on metamemory in older adults with subjective memory complaints. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1095 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19390-2.
Brooks JO, Friedman L, Pearman AM, Gray C, Yesavage JA. Mnemonic training in older adults: Effects of age, length of training, and type of cognitive pretraining. Int Psychogeriatr. 1999;11(1):75–84.
O'Hara R, Brooks JO, Friedman L, Schröder CM, Morgan KS, Kraemer HC. Long-term effects of mnemonic training in community-dwelling older adults. J Psychiatric Res. 2007;41(7):585–90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.04.010.
Verhaeghen P, Marcoen A, Goossens L. Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: A meta-analytic study. Psychol Aging. 1992;7(2):242–51.
Fairchild JK, Friedman L, Rosen AC, Yesavage JA. Which older adults maintain benefit from cognitive training? Use of signal detection methods to identify long-term treatment gains. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(4):607–16 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212002049.
Riley RD, Moons KGM, Snell KIE, Ensor J, Hooft L, Altman DG, et al. A guide to systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factor studies. BMJ. 2019;364:k4597 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4597.
Riley RD, Ridley G, Williams K, Altman DG, Hayden J, de Vet HCW. Prognosis research: Toward evidence-based results and a Cochrane methods group. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(8):863–5 author reply 865-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.02.004.
Debray TPA, Damen JAAG, Snell KIE, Ensor J, Hooft L, Reitsma JB, et al. A guide to systematic review and meta-analysis of prediction model performance. BMJ. 2017;356:i6460 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6460.
Moons KGM, de Groot JAH, Bouwmeester W, Vergouwe Y, Mallett S, Altman DG, et al. Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: The CHARMS checklist. PLoS Med. 2014;11(10):e1001744 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001744.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software. Melbourne; n.d. Retrieved from www.covidence.org..
Cowan N. Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? In: Sossin WS, editor. Progress in Brain Research: Vol. 169. Progress in brain research: Essence of memory. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2008. p. 323–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9.
Hayden JA, van der Windt DA, Cartwright JL, Côté P, Bombardier C. Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors. Ann Int Med. 2013;158(4):280–6 https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00009.
Pesce M, Tatangelo R, La Fratta I, Rizzuto A, Campagna G, Turli C, et al. Aging-related oxidative stress: positive effect of memory training. Neuroscience. 2018;370:246–55 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.046.
Mohs RC, Ashman TA, Jantzen K, Albert M, Brandt J, Gordon B, et al. A study of the efficacy of a comprehensive memory enhancement program in healthy elderly persons. Psychiatr Res. 1998;77(3):183–95.
Kirchhoff BA, Anderson BA, Smith SE, Barch DM, Jacoby LL. Cognitive training-related changes in hippocampal activity associated with recollection in older adults. Neuro Image. 2012b;62(3):1956–64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.017.
Kirchhoff BA, Anderson BA, Jacoby LL. Cognitive and neural effects of semantic encoding strategy training in older adults. Cereb Cortex. 2012a;22(4):788–99 https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr129.
Leahy F, Ridout N, Holland C. Memory flexibility training for autobiographical memory as an intervention for maintaining social and mental well-being in older adults. Memory. 2018a;26(9):1310–22 https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1464582.
Leahy F, Ridout N, Mushtaq F, Holland C. Improving specific autobiographical memory in older adults: impacts on mood, social problem solving, and functional limitations. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2018b;25(5):695–723 https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2017.1365815.
Andrewes DG, Kinsella G, Murphy M. Using a memory handbook to improve everyday memory in community-dwelling older adults with memory complaints. Exp Aging Res. 1996;22(3):305–22 https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739608254013.
Anschutz L, Camp CJ, Markley RP, Kramer JJ. Remembering mnemonics: a three-year follow-up on the effects of mnemonics training in elderly adults. Exp Aging Res. 1987;13(3):141–3 https://doi.org/10.1080/03610738708259315.
Bissig D, Lustig C. Who benefits from memory training? Psychol Sci. 2007;18(8):720–6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01966.x.
Bråthen ACS, de Lange A-MG, Rohani DA, Sneve MH, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB. Multimodal cortical and hippocampal prediction of episodic-memory plasticity in young and older adults. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(11):4480–92 https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24287.
Clark DO, Xu H, Callahan CM, Unverzagt FW. Does body mass index modify memory, reasoning, and speed of processing training effects in older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016a;24(11):2319–26 https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21631.
Clark DO, Xu H, Unverzagt FW, Hendrie H. Does targeted cognitive training reduce educational disparities in cognitive function among cognitively normal older adults? Int J Geriatric Psychiatr. 2016b;31(7):809–17 https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4395.
de Lange A-MG, Bråthen ACS, Grydeland H, Sexton C, Johansen-Berg H, Andersson JLR, et al. White matter integrity as a marker for cognitive plasticity in aging. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;47:74–82 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.007.
de Lange A-MG, Bråthen ACS, Rohani DA, Grydeland H, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB. The effects of memory training on behavioral and microstructural plasticity in young and older adults. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38(11):5666–80 https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23756.
Tomaszewski Farias S, Giovannetti T, Payne BR, Marsiske M, Rebok GW, Schaie KW, et al. Self-perceived difficulties in everyday function precede cognitive decline among older adults in the ACTIVE study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2018;24(1):104–12 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717000546.
Finkel SI, Yesavage JA. Learning mnemonics: A preliminary evaluation of a computer-aided instruction package for the elderly. Exp Aging Res. 1989;15(3-4):199–201 https://doi.org/10.1080/03610738908259776.
Hampstead BM, Sathian K, Phillips PA, Amaraneni A, Delaune WR, Stringer AY. Mnemonic strategy training improves memory for object location associations in both healthy elderly and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A randomized, single-blind study. Neuropsychology. 2012;26(3):385–99 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027545.
Hill RD, Sheikh JI, Yesavage J. The effect of mnemonic training on perceived recall confidence in the elderly. Exp Aging Res. 1987;13(4):185–8 https://doi.org/10.1080/03610738708259323.
Hill RD, Yesavage JA, Sheikh J, Friedman L. Mental status as a predictor of response to memory training in older adults. Educ Gerontol. 1989;1989:633–8.
López-Higes R, Rodríguez-Rojo IC, Prados JM, Montejo P, Del-Río D, Delgado-Losada ML, et al. Apoe ε4 modulation of training outcomes in several cognitive domains in a sample of cognitively intact older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(4):1201–15 https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161014.
McDougall GJ, Becker H, Pituch K, Acee TW, Vaughan PW, Delville CL. Differential benefits of memory training for minority older adults in the SeniorWISE study. Gerontologist. 2010a;50(5):632–45 https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnq017.
McDougall GJ, Becker H, Pituch K, Acee TW, Vaughan PW, Delville CL. The SeniorWISE study: Improving everyday memory in older adults. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2010b;24(5):291–306 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2009.11.001.
Neely AS, Bäckman L. Effects of multifactorial memory training in old age: Generalizability across tasks and individuals. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1995;50(3):134–40.
O’Hara R, Yesavage JA, Kraemer HC, Mauricio M, Friedman LF, Murphy GM. The APOE epsilon4 allele is associated with decline on delayed recall performance in community-dwelling older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46(12):1493–8.
Rosi A, Del Signore F, Canelli E, Allegri N, Bottiroli S, Vecchi T, Cavallini E. The effect of strategic memory training in older adults: Who benefits most? Int Psychogeriatr. 2018;30(8):1235–42 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217002691.
Sandberg P, Rönnlund M, Derwinger-Hallberg A, Stigsdotter Neely A. Memory plasticity in older adults: Cognitive predictors of training response and maintenance following learning of number-consonant mnemonic. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2016;26(5-6):742–60 https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2015.1046459.
Roheger M, Meyer J, Kessler J, Kalbe E. Predicting short- and long-term cognitive training success in healthy older adults: Who benefits? Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2019:1–19 https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2019.1617396.
Smoleń T, Jastrzebski J, Estrada E, Chuderski A. Most evidence for the compensation account of cognitive training is unreliable. Memory Cogn. 2018;46(8):1315–30 https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-018-0839-z.
Lövdén M, Brehmer Y, Li S-C, Lindenberger U. Training-induced compensation versus magnification of individual differences in memory performance. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6:141 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00141.
Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:341–78 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.341.
Langbaum JBS, Rebok GW, Bandeen-Roche K, Carlson MC. Predicting memory training response patterns: results from ACTIVE. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009;64(1):14–23 https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbn026.
Leigh JP, Fries JF. Education, gender, and the compression of morbidity. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1994;39(3):233–46 https://doi.org/10.2190/XQXR-UTGP-WA8X-9FQJ.
Valenzuela, M. J., & Sachdev, P. Assessment of complex mental activity across the lifespan: development of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ). Psychological medicine. 2007;37(7):1015–25.
Buzsáki G, Moser EI. Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16(2):130–8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3304.
Pohlack ST, Meyer P, Cacciaglia R, Liebscher C, Ridder S, Flor H. Bigger is better! Hippocampal volume and declarative memory performance in healthy young men. Brain Struc Funct. 2014;219(1):255–67 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0497-z.
Liu C-C, Liu C-C, Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(2):106–18 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.263.
Wisdom NM, Callahan JL, Hawkins KA. The effects of apolipoprotein E on non-impaired cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2011;32(1):63–74 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.003.
Tensaouti Y, Stephanz EP, Yu T-S, Kernie SG. Apoe regulates the development of adult newborn hippocampal neurons. ENeuro. 2018;5(4) https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0155-18.2018.
Miller AA, Spencer SJ. Obesity and neuroinflammation: a pathway to cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;42:10–21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2014.04.001.
Elias MF, Elias PK, Sullivan LM, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB. Lower cognitive function in the presence of obesity and hypertension: The Framingham heart study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(2):260–8 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.802225.
Sabia S, Kivimaki M, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG, Singh-Manoux A. Body mass index over the adult life course and cognition in late midlife: The Whitehall II Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(2):601–7 https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26482.
World Health Organization (2013). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/.
Kirkham JJ, Dwan KM, Altman DG, Gamble C, Dodd S, Smyth R, Williamson PR. The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ. 2010;340:c365 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c365.
Bouwmeester W, Zuithoff NPA, Mallett S, Geerlings MI, Vergouwe Y, Steyerberg EW, et al. Reporting and methods in clinical prediction research: A systematic review. PLoS Med. 2012;9(5):1–12 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001221.
Hayden JA, Chou R, Hogg-Johnson S, Bombardier C. Systematic reviews of low back pain prognosis had variable methods and results: Guidance for future prognosis reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(8):781–796.e1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.09.004.
Riley RD, Sauerbrei W, Altman DG. Prognostic markers in cancer: The evolution of evidence from single studies to meta-analysis, and beyond. Brit J Cancer. 2009;100(8):1219–29 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604999.
Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software. Melbourne; n.d. Retrieved from www.covidence.org.