Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway

1999, Airway injury during anesthesia: A closed claims analysis., Anesthesiology, 91, 1703, 10.1097/00000542-199912000-00023

2003, Increased body mass index per se is not a predictor of difficult laryngoscopy., Can J Anaesth, 50, 179, 10.1007/BF03017853

2012, Incidence and predictors of difficult laryngoscopy in 11,219 pediatric anesthesia procedures., Paediatr Anaesth, 22, 729, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03813.x

2003, Difficult tracheal intubation is more common in obese than in lean patients., Anesth Analg, 97, 595, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000072547.75928.B0

2000, Prediction of difficult mask ventilation., Anesthesiology, 92, 1229, 10.1097/00000542-200005000-00009

1992, Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult intubation in obstetric anesthesia., Anesthesiology, 77, 67, 10.1097/00000542-199207000-00010

1985, Life-threatening airway obstruction as a complication to the management of mediastinal masses in children., J Pediatr Surg, 20, 816, 10.1016/S0022-3468(85)80049-X

1990, General anesthesia prior to treatment of anterior mediastinal masses in pediatric cancer patients., Anesthesiology, 72, 991, 10.1097/00000542-199006000-00008

2000, Lingual thyroid–a threat to the airway., Anaesthesia, 55, 1103, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01610.x

1985, Ankylosis of the temporo-mandibular joint after temporal craniotomy: A cause of difficult intubation., Can Anaesth Soc J, 32, 158, 10.1007/BF03010042

1980, Death following dental clearance in a patient suffering from ankylosing spondylitis - a case report with discussion on management of such problems., Br J Oral Surg, 18, 73, 10.1016/0007-117X(80)90054-2

1979, Cervical spondylosis and difficult intubation., Anesth Analg, 58, 434

1985, Tracheal intubation in an infant with Treacher-Collins syndrome–pulling out the tongue by a forceps., Anesthesiology, 62, 213, 10.1097/00000542-198502000-00037

2007, The use of three-dimensional computed tomography images for anticipated difficult intubation airway evaluation of a patient with Treacher Collins syndrome., Anesth Analg, 105, 626, 10.1213/01.ane.0000275196.02439.c2

2003, A case of difficult airway due to lingual tonsillar hypertrophy in a patient with Down’s syndrome., Anesth Analg, 97, 704

2009, An uncommon cause of unanticipated difficult airway., Paediatr Anaesth, 19, 643, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02963.x

1986, Anaesthesia for Treacher Collins and Pierre Robin syndromes: A report of three cases., Can Anaesth Soc J, 33, 364

1984, Treacher-Collins syndrome with sleep apnea: Anesthetic considerations., Anesthesiology, 60, 71, 10.1097/00000542-198401000-00017

1994, The airway: Problems and predictions in 18,500 patients., Can J Anaesth, 41, 372

2008, Poor visualization during direct laryngoscopy and high upper lip bite test score are predictors of difficult intubation with the GlideScope videolaryngoscope., Anesth Analg, 106, 1495, 10.1213/ane.0b013e318168b38f

1988, Predicting difficult intubation., Br J Anaesth, 61, 211, 10.1093/bja/61.2.211

2006, Pre-anesthetic evaluation can play a crucial role in the determination of airway management in a child with oropharyngeal tumor., J Anesth, 20, 215, 10.1007/s00540-006-0392-y

1988, Criteria for estimating likelihood of difficulty of endotracheal intubation with the Macintosh laryngoscope., Anaesth Intensive Care, 16, 329, 10.1177/0310057X8801600315

1988, Fibreoptic intubation in Klippel-Feil syndrome., Anaesthesia, 43, 18, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb05416.x

1990, Factor analysis in patients with a history of failed tracheal intubation during pregnancy., Br J Anaesth, 65, 813, 10.1093/bja/65.6.813

1987, Deep neck abscesses in adults: Management of a difficult airway., Anesth Analg, 66, 774

1990, Elongated styloid process as a cause of difficult intubation., J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 48, 1225, 10.1016/0278-2391(90)90544-C

1983, Acquired laryngeal deviation associated with cervical spine disease in erosive polyarticular arthritis. Use of the fiberoptic bronchoscope in rheumatoid disease., Anesthesiology, 58, 441, 10.1097/00000542-198305000-00009

1985, Failed intubation. Six years’ experience in a teaching maternity unit., Anaesthesia, 40, 759, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb11000.x

2000, Jaw thrust manoeuvre for repositioning the epiglottis down folded by the ILM., Anaesthesia, 55, 921, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01664-16.x

1999, Pott’s disease with unstable cervical spine, retropharyngeal cold abscess and progressive airway obstruction., Can J Anaesth, 46, 772, 10.1007/BF03013913

1976, Difficulty in intubation. Calcified stylohyoid ligament., Anaesthesia, 31, 508, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1976.tb12356.x

1975, Anatomical factors in difficult direct laryngoscopy., Br J Anaesth, 47, 468, 10.1093/bja/47.4.468

1992, Arterial oxygen saturation during induction of anaesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion: Prospective evaluation of four techniques., Br J Anaesth, 68, 519, 10.1093/bja/68.5.519

1992, Preoxygenation in children: For how long?, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 36, 109, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1992.tb03433.x

1995, Study of the optimal duration of preoxygenation in children., J Clin Anesth, 7, 93, 10.1016/0952-8180(94)00011-R

1999, Preoxygenation: Comparison of maximal breathing and tidal volume breathing techniques., Anesthesiology, 91, 612

2007, Standard preoxygenation vs two techniques in children., Paediatr Anaesth, 17, 963, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02259.x

1989, Preoxygenation in the morbidly obese: A comparison of two techniques., Anesth Analg, 68, 520

1985, Preoxygenation for cesarean section: a comparison of two techniques., Anesthesiology, 62, 827, 10.1097/00000542-198506000-00030

1990, Preoxygenation in the elderly: A comparison of the four-maximal-breath and three-minute techniques., Anesth Analg, 71, 516

1987, Preoxygenation techniques: Comparison of three minutes and four breaths., Anesth Analg, 66, 468, 10.1213/00000539-198705000-00019

1991, Effect of transport time and FiO2 on SpO2 during transport from the OR to the PACU., Nurse Anesth, 2, 119

2001, Ambulatory surgery: Room air versus nasal cannula oxygen during transport after general anesthesia., Anesth Analg, 93, 917, 10.1097/00000539-200110000-00024

1992, Supplemental oxygen after outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery., Anesth Prog, 39, 24

1988, Oxygen administration prevents hypoxemia during post-anesthetic transport in children., Anesthesiology, 69, 616, 10.1097/00000542-198810000-00030

1988, Early postoperative hypoxia during transport., Br J Anaesth, 61, 625, 10.1093/bja/61.5.625

1988, Should oxygen be administered after laparoscopy in healthy patients?, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 32, 350, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1988.tb02743.x

1995, Awake endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine disease: A comparison of the Bullard laryngoscope and the fiberoptic bronchoscope., Anesth Analg, 81, 1283

1988, Managing the difficult airway in patients with burns of the head and neck., J Burn Care Rehabil, 9, 55, 10.1097/00004630-198801000-00013

1989, Awake fibreoptic intubation in the patient at high risk of aspiration., Br J Anaesth, 62, 13, 10.1093/bja/62.1.13

1995, A comparison of anesthetic techniques for awake intubation in neurosurgical patients., J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 7, 94, 10.1097/00008506-199504000-00004

1993, A technique of awake fibreoptic intubation. Experience in patients with cervical spine disease., Anaesthesia, 48, 910, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07429.x

1999, Awake tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask., Can J Anaesth, 46, 182, 10.1007/BF03012555

2009, Awake tracheal intubation using the Airtraq laryngoscope: A case series., Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 53, 964, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02012.x

1982, Blind nasal intubation in an awake patient for caesarian section., Anaesth Intensive Care, 10, 151, 10.1177/0310057X8201000212

1991, Awake intubation: A new technique., Anaesthesia, 46, 661, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09718.x

2000, Awake tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask in a patient with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis., Anaesthesia, 55, 70, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2000.01121.x

2006, Awake intubation using fast-track laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to fiberoptic bronchoscopy: A case report., AANA J, 74, 429

2007, Airtraq for awake tracheal intubation., Anaesthesia, 62, 746, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05155.x

1999, Use of the intubating laryngeal mask airway to facilitate awake orotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine disorders., J Clin Anesth, 11, 346, 10.1016/S0952-8180(99)00052-5

2012, Comparative effectiveness of the C-MAC video laryngoscope versus direct laryngoscopy in the setting of the predicted difficult airway., Anesthesiology, 116, 629, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318246ea34

2008, Pentax-AWS, a new videolaryngoscope, is more effective than the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with restricted neck movements: A randomized comparative study., Br J Anaesth, 100, 544, 10.1093/bja/aen002

2009, Expected difficult tracheal intubation: A prospective comparison of direct laryngoscopy and video laryngoscopy in 200 patients., Br J Anaesth, 102, 546, 10.1093/bja/aep013

2010, Comparison of the laryngeal view during intubation using Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine immobilization and mouth opening limitation., Korean J Anesthesiol, 59, 314, 10.4097/kjae.2010.59.5.314

2005, A comparison of the GlideScope with the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with simulated difficult airway., Anaesth Intensive Care, 33, 243, 10.1177/0310057X0503300215

2008, Comparison of Macintosh, Truview EVO2, Glidescope, and Airwayscope laryngoscope use in patients with cervical spine immobilization., Br J Anaesth, 101, 723, 10.1093/bja/aen231

2009, Randomized controlled trial of the Pentax AWS, Glidescope, and Macintosh laryngoscopes in predicted difficult intubation., Br J Anaesth, 103, 761, 10.1093/bja/aep266

2008, Cervical spine motion during tracheal intubation with manual in-line stabilization: Direct laryngoscopy versus GlideScope videolaryngoscopy., Anesth Analg, 106, 935, 10.1213/ane.0b013e318161769e

2010, Management of the predicted difficult airway: A comparison of conventional blade laryngoscopy with video-assisted blade laryngoscopy and the GlideScope., Eur J Anaesthesiol, 27, 24, 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832d328d

2011, Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the Glidescope in difficult airway management: An analysis of 2,004 Glidescope intubations, complications, and failures from two institutions., Anesthesiology, 114, 34, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182023eb7

2007, Complications associated with the use of the GlideScope videolaryngoscope., Can J Anaesth, 54, 54, 10.1007/BF03021900

2007, Pharyngeal injury related to GlideScope videolaryngoscope., Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 137, 175, 10.1016/j.otohns.2007.02.038

2007, Anterior tonsillar pillar perforation during GlideScope video laryngoscopy., Anesth Analg, 104, 1610, 10.1213/01.ane.0000264321.04403.06

2007, Soft palate perforation during orotracheal intubation facilitated by the GlideScope videolaryngoscope., J Clin Anesth, 19, 619, 10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.03.010

1971, Technique for difficult intubation., Br J Anaesth, 43, 1081, 10.1093/bja/43.11.1081

1994, Clinical assessment of the Augustine Guide for endotracheal intubation., Anesth Analg, 78, 983

1988, Successful difficult intubation. Use of the gum elastic bougie., Anaesthesia, 43, 437, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb06625.x

1994, A new device for blind oral intubation in routine and difficult airway management., Eur J Anaesthesiol, 11, 207

1999, Tracheal intubation using Bullard laryngoscope for patients with a simulated difficult airway., Can J Anaesth, 46, 760, 10.1007/BF03013911

1982, Experience with a new intubation guide for difficult tracheal intubation., Crit Care Med, 10, 882, 10.1097/00003246-198212000-00017

1991, Lung laceration after tracheal extubation over a plastic tube changer., Anesth Analg, 73, 350

2006, Unforeseen esophageal misplacement of airway exchange catheter leading to gastric perforation., Anesthesiology, 104, 1111, 10.1097/00000542-200605000-00041

2007, Difficult airway management after carotid endarterectomy: Utility and limitations of the Laryngeal Mask Airway., J Clin Anesth, 19, 218, 10.1016/j.jclinane.2006.06.008

1996, Difficulty using a laryngeal mask airway in a patient with lingual tonsil hyperplasia., Anesthesiology, 84, 1265, 10.1097/00000542-199605000-00040

2007, The use of a laryngeal mask airway after a prolonged suspension laryngoscopy to preserve a vocal cord fat graft., Anesth Analg, 105, 1753, 10.1213/01.ane.0000286322.04940.a5

1992, The laryngeal mask airway in infants., Anaesthesia, 47, 849, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb03144.x

1991, The laryngeal mask airway in children. A fibreoptic assessment of positioning., Anaesthesia, 46, 489, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb11693.x

1998, The laryngeal mask airway reliably provides rescue ventilation in cases of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation along with difficult mask ventilation., Anesth Analg, 87, 661, 10.1213/00000539-199809000-00032

1990, The Brain laryngeal mask. An alternative to difficult intubation., Br Dent J, 168, 202, 10.1038/sj.bdj.4807140

1991, Use of the laryngeal mask in a child with tracheal stenosis., Anesthesiology, 75, 903, 10.1097/00000542-199111000-00024

1989, Laryngeal mask anaesthesia for repair of cleft palate., Anaesthesia, 44, 656, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb13587.x

1994, Unilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis following the use of the laryngeal mask airway., Anaesthesia, 49, 603, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb14230.x

2005, The laryngeal tube for difficult airway management: A prospective investigation in patients with pharyngeal and laryngeal tumours., Eur J Anaesthesiol, 22, 678, 10.1017/S0265021505001122

2003, Airway management using the intubating laryngeal mask airway for the morbidly obese patient., Anesth Analg, 96, 1510

1998, Tracheal intubation through the intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA-Fastrach) in patients with difficult airways., Anaesth Intensive Care, 26, 387, 10.1177/0310057X9802600408

1997, The intubating laryngeal mask airway: An initial assessment of performance., Br J Anaesth, 79, 710, 10.1093/bja/79.6.710

2000, Segmental cervical spine movement with the intubating laryngeal mask during manual in-line stabilization in patients with cervical pathology undergoing cervical spine surgery., Anesth Analg, 91, 195, 10.1213/00000539-200007000-00037

1999, Using the intubating laryngeal mask airway (LMA-Fastrach) for blind endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing cervical spine operation., Anesth Analg, 89, 1319

1998, Awake intubation of the difficult airway with the intubating laryngeal mask airway., Anaesthesia, 53, 645, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.429-az0533.x

2000, The intubating laryngeal mask airway does not facilitate tracheal intubation in the presence of a neck collar in simulated trauma., Br J Anaesth, 84, 254, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013414

2000, Intubating laryngeal mask for fibreoptic intubation–particularly useful during neck stabilization., Can J Anaesth, 47, 843, 10.1007/BF03019662

2005, The LMA Fastrach facilitates fibreoptic intubation in oral cancer patients., Can J Anaesth, 52, 641, 10.1007/BF03015777

1988, An angulated laryngoscope for routine and difficult tracheal intubation., Anesthesiology, 69, 126, 10.1097/00000542-198807000-00024

1996, Laryngoscopy using the McCoy laryngoscope after application of a cervical collar., Anaesthesia, 51, 812, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb12606.x

2001, Fibreoptic nasal intubation in children with anticipated and unanticipated difficult intubation., Paediatr Anaesth, 11, 49, 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.00621.x

1990, The Bullard laryngoscope. A new indirect oral laryngoscope (pediatric version)., Anesth Analg, 70, 105

1988, Emergency flexible fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation: A report of 60 cases., Ann Emerg Med, 17, 919, 10.1016/S0196-0644(88)80672-3

1999, Fiberoptic intubation in 327 neurosurgical patients with lesions of the cervical spine., J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 11, 11, 10.1097/00008506-199901000-00003

1998, Laryngoscopy and fibreoptic intubation in acromegalic patients., Br J Anaesth, 80, 345, 10.1093/bja/80.3.345

1988, Managing the difficult airway in patients with burns of the head and neck., J Burn Care Rehabil, 9, 55, 10.1097/00004630-198801000-00013

1989, Awake fibreoptic intubation in the patient at high risk of aspiration., Br J Anaesth, 62, 13, 10.1093/bja/62.1.13

1995, A comparison of anesthetic techniques for awake intubation in neurosurgical patients., J Neurosurg Anesth, 7, 94, 10.1097/00008506-199504000-00004

1983, New and easy techniques for fiberoptic endoscopy-aided tracheal intubation., Anesthesiology, 59, 569, 10.1097/00000542-198312000-00017

1993, A technique of awake fibreoptic intubation: Experience in patients with cervical spine disesae., Anaesthesia, 48, 910, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07429.x

1992, Oxygen saturation and cardiovascular changes during fibreoptic intubation under general anaesthesia., Anaesthesia, 47, 158, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02019.x

1999, Fibreoptic assessment of laryngeal aperture in patients with difficult laryngoscopy., Can J Anaesth, 46, 226, 10.1007/BF03012600

1997, The UpsherScope in routine and difficult airway management: A randomized, controlled clinical trial., Anesth Analg, 85, 1377, 10.1213/00000539-199712000-00036

1999, Evaluation of tracheal intubation difficulty in patients with cervical spine immobilization: Fiberoptic (WuScope) versus conventional laryngoscopy., Anesthesiology, 91, 1253, 10.1097/00000542-199911000-00015

1997, Comparison of the Bullard and Macintosh laryngoscopes for endotracheal intubation of patients with a potential cervical spine injury., Anesthesiology, 87, 1335, 10.1097/00000542-199712000-00012

1989, Transilluminated tracheal intubation., Br J Anaesth, 62, 494, 10.1093/bja/62.5.494

2002, Flexible lightwand-guided tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask Fastrach in adults after unpredicted failed laryngoscope-guided tracheal intubation., Anesthesiology, 96, 296, 10.1097/00000542-200202000-00012

1988, Lightwand intubation in children with abnormal upper airways., Anesthesiology, 69, 784, 10.1097/00000542-198811000-00029

1995, Lightwand intubation: II–Clinical trial of a new lightwand for tracheal intubation in patients with difficult airways., Can J Anaesth, 42, 826, 10.1007/BF03011187

1989, Intubation by use of the light wand: Experience in 253 patients., J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 47, 577, 10.1016/S0278-2391(89)80071-0

1996, Oral intubation using a lighted stylet vs direct laryngoscopy in older children with cervical immobilization., Acad Emerg Med, 3, 34, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03300.x

2009, A comparison of lighted stylet (Surch-Lite) and direct laryngoscopic intubation in patients with high Mallampati scores., Anesth Analg, 108, 1215, 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181994fba

1990, End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during awake blind nasotracheal intubation., J Clin Anesth, 2, 415, 10.1016/0952-8180(90)90028-2

1995, A new method for difficult endotracheal intubation: the use of a jet stylet introducer and capnography., Anesth Analg, 81, 1079

1993, The Australian Incident Monitoring Study. Difficult intubation: An analysis of 2000 incident reports., Anaesth Intensive Care, 21, 602, 10.1177/0310057X9302100518