Positioning of the Human Forearm in Tracking Movements and Their Reproduction under Conditions of Limited Visual Control
Tóm tắt
In 14 healthy persons, we studied movements of the forearm with its positioning on a target level. A double trapezium was used as the command trajectory (flexion in the elbow joint from the state of full extension, 0°, with positioning on the level of 50 or 60° and further flexion to the 100° angle, and a similar reverse movement). We compared (i) tracking movements, when the subject tried to adequately reproduce the movement of the target along the command trajectory visualized on the monitor screen and obtained visual information about the performed movement (shifts of the second light point in time/joint angle coordinates), and (ii) reproduction of these movements under conditions of limitation of the visual feedback (when there was no information about the performed movement). Parameters of the tracking movements and of their reproductions (delays of initiation of the movement phases as compared with the command signal, durations of these phases, and angle velocities of the forearm movement), as well as the quality of positioning after oppositely directed movements, were compared. Positioning on the target level performed under proprioceptive control (when visual control was limited) was accompanied by systematic errors, whose sign in most test series performed by most subjects coincided with the direction of the preceding movement phase. The pattern of signs of systematic positioning errors after movements of opposite directions was quite individual (typical of a given subject) and demonstrated no dependence on the value of the extensor loading. Averaged intragroup systematic errors of positioning after movement phase 1 (flexion to the target level) and phase 3 (extension to the same level) under conditions of a minimum extensor loading (0.5-1.0 N · m) were 2.57° and 2.52°, respectively. When the loading was substantial (3.6-6.0 N · m), the respective errors were 3.85° and 3.48°. The nonlinear properties of muscle stretch receptors in the elbow flexors and extensors (responsible for the significant dependence of the parameters of afferent signals produced in these receptors on the movement prehistory) are considered the primary reason for systematic errors when positioning is performed exclusively under proprioceptive control. The influence of alpha-gamma co-activation in active muscles on the characteristics of the above signals is discussed.
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