Poor ecological representation by an expensive reserve system: Evaluating 35 years of marine protected area expansion

Conservation Letters - Tập 11 Số 6 - 2018
Kerstin Jantke1, Kendall R. Jones2,3, James R. Allan2,4,3, Aliénor L. M. Chauvenet5,2, James E. M. Watson2,4,3, Hugh P. Possingham5,2,6
1Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
2Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
3School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
4Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States
5ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
6The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States

Tóm tắt

AbstractGlobal areal protection targets have driven a dramatic expansion of the marine protected area (MPA) estate. We analyzed how cost‐effective global MPA expansion has been since the inception of the first global target (set in 1982) in achieving ecoregional representation. By comparing spatial patterns of MPA expansion against optimal MPA estates using the same expansion rates, we show the current MPA estate is both expensive and ineffective. Although the number of ecoregions represented tripled and 12.7% of national waters was protected, 61% of ecoregions and 81% of countries are not 10% protected. Only 10.3% of the national waters of the world would be sufficient to protect 10% of each ecoregion if MPA growth since 1982 strategically targeted underrepresented ecoregions. Unfortunately 16.3% of national waters are required for the same representative target if systematic protection started in 2016 (an extra 3.6% on top of 12.7%). To avoid the high costs of adjusting increasingly biased MPA systems, future efforts should embrace target‐driven systematic conservation planning.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1016/j.marpol.2013.01.012

10.1371/journal.pone.0024707

10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.02.005

10.1017/S0030605315000848

10.1371/journal.pone.0050074

CBD. (2010).Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal.

CBD. (2013).Quick guides to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.

10.1371/journal.pone.0171591

Claus S. DeHauwere N. Vanhoorne B. Souza Dias F. Oset García P. Hernandez F. &Mees J.(2016).Exclusive economic zones boundaries (World EEZ v9). MarineRegions.org Flanders Marine Institute.

10.1111/conl.12299

10.1038/nature13022

10.1038/nature21708

10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0117:TIOMRD]2.0.CO;2

UNEP‐WCMC & IUCN. (2017).The world database on protected areas (WDPA) [Online] [February 2017]. Cambridge UK: UNEP‐WCMC and IUCN. Retrieved fromwww.protectedplanet.net

10.1016/0006-3207(83)90056-3

10.1038/srep17539

10.1017/S0030605313001348

10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00268.x

10.3354/meps08029

10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00137.x

10.1038/35012251

10.1017/S0376892900011826

Moilanen A., 2009, Spatial conservation prioritization: Quantitative methods and computational tools

10.1126/science.1125295

10.1038/ncomms10359

10.1111/conl.12247

10.1038/nature01017

10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.016

10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030662.x

10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00303.x

10.1016/j.marpol.2010.10.010

10.1016/S0169-5347(96)20109-0

10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00030.x

10.3354/meps253025

10.1111/cobi.12506

The Nature Conservancy. (2012).Marine Ecoregions and Pelagic Provinces of the World. GIS layers developed by The Nature Conservancy with multiple partners combined from Spalding et al. (2007) and Spalding et al. (2012).https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707andhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.12.016. Cambridge (UK): The Nature Conservancy.

10.1126/science.1257484

UNEP‐WCMC & IUCN. (2018).Marine Protected Planet [Online] [April 2018] Cambridge UK: UNEP‐WCMC and IUCN. Retrieved fromwww.protectedplanet.net

United Nations. (2015).Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UNGA Resolution A/RES/70/1 25 September 2015) (‘2030 Agenda’).

10.1002/aqc.2363

10.1111/cobi.12645

10.1038/nature13947

10.1038/nature24144

10.1038/sdata.2017.39

Wilson E. O., 2016, Half‐earth: our planet's fight for life

10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00447.x

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Conservation Letters

Tập 11 Số 6

Thông tin tác giả