Point-of-care ultrasound in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

Cohen AT, Agnelli G, Anderson FA, Arcelus JI, Bergqvist D, Brecht JG, Greer IA, Heit JA, Hutchinson JL, Kakkar AK, Mottier D, Oger E, Samama MM, Spannagl M, VTE Impact Assessment Group in Europe (VITAE) (2007) Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality. Thromb Haemost 98:756–764

Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, Danchin N, Fitzmaurice D, Galiè N, Gibbs JS, Huisman MV, Humbert M, Kucher N, Lang I, Lankeit M, Lekakis J, Maack C, Mayer E, Meneveau N, Perrier A, Pruszczyk P, Rasmussen LH, Schindler TH, Svitil P, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Zamorano JL, Zompatori M (2014) ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J 35:3033–3073

Squizzato A, Luciani D, Rubboli A, Di Gennaro L, Landolfi R, De Luca C, Porro F, Moia M, Testa S, Imberti D, Bertolini G (2013) Differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in outpatients with non-specific cardiopulmonary symptoms. Intern Emerg Med 8:695–702

Ghaye B, Szapiro D, Mastora I, Delannoy V, Duhamel A, Remy J, Remy-Jardin M (2001) Peripheral pulmonary arteries: how far in the lung does multi-detector row spiral CT allow analysis? Radiology 219:629–636

Stein PD, Fowler SE, Goodman LR, Gottschalk A, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV Jr, Popovich J Jr, Quinn DA, Sos TA, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Wakefield TW, Weg JG, Woodard PK, PIOPED II Investigators (2006) Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 354:2317–2327

Burge AJ, Freeman KD, Klapper PJ, Haramati LB (2008) Increased diagnosis of pulmonary embolism without a corresponding decline in mortality during the CT era. Clin Radiol 63:381–386

Wiener RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S (2013) When a test is too good: how CT pulmonary angiograms find pulmonary emboli that do not need to be found. BMJ 347:f3368

Kucher N, Luder CM, Dornhofer T, Windecker S, Meier B, Hess OM (2003) Novel management strategy for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 24:366–376

Roy PM, Colombet I, Durieux P, Chatellier G, Sors H, Meyer G (2005) Systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies for the diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. BMJ 331:259

Le Gal G, Righini M, Sanchez O, Roy PM, Baba-Ahmed M, Perrier A, Bounameaux H (2006) A positive compression ultrasonography of the lower limb veins is highly predictive of pulmonary embolism on computed tomography in suspected patients. Thromb Haemost 95:963–966

Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J (1998) The role of venous ultrasonography in the diagnosis of suspected deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 129:1044–1049

Righini M, Le Gal G, Aujesky D, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Verschuren F, Kossovsky M, Bressollette L, Meyer G, Perrier A, Bounameaux H (2009) Complete venous ultrasound in outpatients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 7:406–412

Miller LD, Joyner CR Jr, Dudrick SJ, Eskin DJ (1967) Clinical use of ultrasound in the early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Ann Surg 166:381–393

Mathis G, Blank W, Reissig A, Lechleitner P, Reuss J, Schuler A, Beckh S (2005) Thoracic ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary embolism: a prospective multicenter study of 352 patients. Chest 128:1531–1538

Squizzato A, Rancan E, Dentali F, Bonzini M, Guasti L, Steidl L, Mathis G, Ageno W (2013) Diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 11:1269–1278

Lichtenstein DA, Meziere GA (2008) Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocol. Chest 134:117–125

Koenig S, Chandra S, Alaverdian A, Dibello C, Mayo PH, Narasimhan M (2014) Ultrasound assessment of pulmonary embolism in patients receiving CT pulmonary angiography. Chest 145:818–823

Moore CL (2011) Copel. Point-of-care ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 364:749–757

Nazerian P, Vanni S, Volpicelli G, Gigli C, Zanobetti M, Bartolucci M, Ciavattone A, Lamorte A, Veltri A, Fabbri A, Grifoni S (2014) Accuracy of point-of-care multiorgan ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Chest 145:950–957

Huisman MV, Klok FA (2009) Diagnostic management of clinically suspected acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 7(Suppl 1):312–317

Nazerian P et al. Pulmonary embolism diagnosis: ultrasound Wells score versus traditional Wells score. www.clinicaltrials.gov . Accessed on 23 December 2014