Planning for change: Transformation labs for an alternative food system in Cape Town, South Africa

ACDI. Western Cape climate change response framework and implementation plan for the agricultural sector: report submitted to the Western Cape Department of Agriculture and the Western Cape department of environmental affairs and Development Planning. Cape Town: African Climate Development Initiative; 2016. Adelle C, Pereira L, Görgens T, Losch B. Making sense together: the role of scientists in the coproduction of knowledge for policy making. Sci Public Policy. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz046. Avelino F, Wittmayer JM, Kemp R, Haxeltine A. Game-changers and transformative social innovation. Ecol Soc. 2017;22. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09897-220441. Banson KE, Nguyen NC, Bosch OJH. Systemic management to address the challenges facing the performance of agriculture in Africa: case study in Ghana. Syst Res Behav Sci. 2016;33:544–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2372. Battersby J. The state of urban food insecurity in Cape Town. Cape Town: African Food Security Network (AFSUN); 2011. Battersby J. Cities, planning and urban food security in Africa. In: Bhan G, Srinivas S, Watson V, editors. The Routledge companion to planning in the global south; 2017a. p. 204. Battersby J. Food system transformation in the absence of food system planning: the case of supermarket and shopping mall retail expansion in Cape Town, South Africa. Built Environ. 2017b;43:417–30. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.43.3.417. Battersby J, Peyton S. The geography of supermarkets in Cape Town: supermarket expansion and food access. Urban Forum. 2014;25:153–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-014-9217-5. Battersby J, Peyton S. The spatial logic of supermarket expansion and food access. In: Rapid Urbanisation, Urban Food Deserts and Food Security in Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 33–46. Battersby-Lennard J, Haysom G. Philippi horticultural area: a City asset or potential development node? Cape Town: The African Food Security Network (AFSUN); 2012. Bellwood-Howard I, Kranjac-Berisavljevic G, Nchanji E, et al. Participatory planning for food production at city scale. In: Cabannes Y, Marocchino C, editors. Integrating food into urban planning. London: UCL Press and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations; 2018. Bennett EM, Solan M, Biggs R, et al. Bright spots: seeds of a good Anthropocene. Front Ecol Environ. 2016;14:441–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1309. Bergvall-Kåreborn B, Eriksson CI, Ståhlbröst A, Svensson J. A milieu for innovation: defining living labs. In: Huizingh KRE, Conn S, Torkkeli M, Bitran I, editors. Proceedings of the 2nd ISPIM innovation symposium: simulating recovery - the role of innovation management. New York: ISPIM; 2009. Bergvall-Kåreborn B, Stahlbrost A. Living lab: an open and citizen-centric approach for innovation. Int J Innov Reg Dev. 2009;1:356. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIRD.2009.022727. Biggs R, Schlüter M, Schoon ML. Principles for building resilience: sustaining ecosystem services in social-ecological systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015. Boatemaa S, Barney M, Drimie S, et al. Awakening from the listeriosis crisis: food safety challenges, practices and governance in the food retail sector in South Africa. Food Control. 2019;104:333–42. Bosch OJH, Nguyen NC, Maeno T, Yasui T. Managing complex issues through evolutionary learning laboratories. Syst Res Behav Sci. 2013;30:116–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2171. Bulkeley H, Coenen L, Hartmann C, et al. Urban living labs: governing urban sustainability transitions. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2016;22:13–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COSUST.2017.02.003. Cabannes Y, Marocchino C. Integrating food into urban planning. London: UCL press and food and agricultural Organization of the United Nations; 2018. Charli-Joseph L, Siqueiros-Garcia JM, Eakin H, et al. Promoting agency for social-ecological transformation: a transformation-lab in the Xochimilco social-ecological system. Ecol Soc. 2018;23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10214-230246. Cramer C, Pereira LM, Drimie S, et al. T-lab on coastal wild foods in the Western Cape Report on T-lab held 2–3 May 2019. Stellenbosch: Food Jams, Salt River; 2019. Darrah S, Sassen M, Rutting L, et al. Using scenarios and mapping to support sustainable agricultural policy development. In: Plant Production Systems. Cambridge: UNEP WCMC; 2018. Díaz S, Settele J, Brondizio ES, et al. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on earth points to the need for transformative change. Science (80- ). 2019;1327. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw3100. Dinesh D, Zougmore R, Vervoort J, et al. Facilitating change for climate-smart agriculture through science-policy engagement. Sustainability. 2018;10:2616. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082616. Drimie S. Aligning policies to address food insecurity: institutional challenges and political will in South Africa. In: Fukuda-Parr S, Taylor V, editors. Food security in South Africa: human rights and entitlement perspectives. Claremont: UCT Press; 2015. p. 227–64. Drimie S, Hamann R, Manderson AP, Mlondobozi N. Creating transformative spaces for dialogue and action: reflecting on the experience of the southern Africa food lab. Ecol Soc. 2018;23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10177-230302. Drimie S, McLachlan M. Food security in South Africa—first steps toward a transdisciplinary approach. Food Secur. 2013;5:217–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0241-4. Elmqvist T, Bai X, Frantzeskaki N, et al. Urban Planet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018. Ely A, Marin A (2016) Learning about ‘Engaged Excellence’ across a Transformative Knowledge Network. IDS Bull 47. doi: https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2016.200. Ely A, Marin A, Charli-joseph L, et al. Structured collaboration across a transformative knowledge network — learning across disciplines , cultures and contexts ? Sustainability. 2020;12:2499. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062499. Ericksen PJ, Stewart B, Barling D, et al. The value of a food system approach. In: Ericksen PJ, Ingram J, Liverman D, editors. Food security and global environmental change. London: Earthscan; 2010. p. 25–45. Even-Zahav T. Food security and the urban informal economy in South Africa: the state of knowledge and perspectives from street-food traders in Khayelitsha. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch; 2016. Faber M, Drimie S. Rising food prices and household food security. South Afr J Clin Nutr. 2016;29:53–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2016.1216358. Faber M, Witten C, Drimie S. Community-based agricultural interventions in the context of food and nutrition security in South Africa. South Afr J Clin Nutr. 2011;24:21–30. Feola G, Butt A. The diffusion of grassroots innovations for sustainability in Italy and Great Britain: an exploratory spatial data analysis. Geogr J. 2017;183:16–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12153. Folke C, Carpenter SRS, Elmqvist T, et al. Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. Ambio. 2014;19:1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2014.880934. Frayne B, Battersby-Lennard J, Fincham R, Haysom G. Urban food security in South Africa: case study of Cape Town, Msunduzi and Johannesburg; 2009. Geels FW. Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Res Policy. 2002;31:1257–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00062-8. Geels FW. The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: responses to seven criticisms. Environ Innov Soc Transitions. 2011;1:24–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EIST.2011.02.002. Geels FW, Schot J. Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways. Res Policy. 2007;36:399–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003. Gordon LJ, Bignet V, Crona B, et al. Rewiring food systems to enhance human health and biosphere stewardship. Environ Res Lett. 2017;12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa81dc. Greenberg S. Corporate power in the agro-food system and the consumer food environment in South Africa. J Peasant Stud. 2017;44:467–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1259223. Grin J, Rotmans J, Schot J. Transitions to sustainable development- new directions in the study of long term transformative change. New York: Routledge; 2010. Haysom G. Urban-scale food system governance: an alternative response to the dominant paradigm? In: Untamed Urbanisms; 2015. p. 76–87. Hebinck A, Page D. Processes of participation in the development of urban food strategies: a comparative assessment of Exeter and Eindhoven. Sustainability. 2017;9:931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060931. Hebinck A, Vervoort JM, Hebinck P, et al. Imagining transformative futures: participatory foresight for food systems change. Ecol Soc. 2018;23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10054-230216. Hofman KJ, Tollman SM. Population health in South Africa: a view from the salt mines. Lancet Glob Heal. 2013;1:e66–7. Igumbor EU, Sanders D, Puoane TR, et al. ‘“Big Food,”’ the consumer food environment, health, and the policy response in South Africa. PLoS Med. 2012;9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001253. Ingram J. A food systems approach to researching food security and its interactions with global environmental change. Food Secur. 2011;3:417–31. IPES-Food. What makes urban food policy happen? Insights from five case studies. Brussels: IPES-Food; 2017. Leach M, Raworth K, Rockström J. Between social and planetary boundaries: navigating pathways in the safe and just space for humanity. In: World Social Science Report. Paris: International Social Science Council; 2013. Leach M, Scoones I, Stirling A. Dynamic Sustainabilities: technology, environment, social justice. Oxford: Routledge Earthscan; 2010. Ledger T. An empty plate: why we are losing the Battle for our food system, why it matters, and how we can win it Back. Johannesburg: Jacana Media; 2016. Lipmanowicz H, McCandless K. The surprising power of liberating structures: simple rules to unleash a culture of innovation. Seattle: Liberating Structures Press; 2014. Lotz-Sisitka H, Wals AEJ, Kronlid D, McGarry D. Transformative, transgressive social learning: rethinking higher education pedagogy in times of systemic global dysfunction. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2015;16:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.07.018. Mangnus AC, Vervoort JM, McGreevy SR, et al. New pathways for governing food system transformations: a pluralistic practice-based futures approach using visioning, back-casting, and serious gaming. Ecol Soc. 2019;24. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11014-240402. Marshall F, Dolley J, Priya R. Transdisciplinary research as transformative space making for sustainability: enhancing propoor transformative agency in periurban contexts. Ecol Soc. 2018;23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10249-230308. May J. Food security and nutrition: impure, complex and wicked. Cape Town: Centre of Excellence in Food Security; 2017. Mbhenyane XG. The contribution of ‘indigenous foods’ to the elimination of hidden hunger and food insecurity: an illusion or innovation? 2016. Mclaren D, Moyo B, Jeffery J. The right to food in South Africa: an analysis of the content, policy effort, resource allocation and enjoyment of the constitutional right to food. Johannesburg: Studies in Poverty and Inequality Institute (SPII); 2015. McPhearson T, Iwaniec DM, Bai X. Positive visions for guiding urban transformations toward sustainable futures. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2016;22:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.004. Metelerkamp L, Biggs R, Drimie S. Learning for transitions: a niche perspective. Ecol Soc. 2020;25. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-11326-250114. Moore M-L, Tjornbo O, Enfors E, et al. Studying the complexity of change: toward an analytical framework for understanding deliberate social-ecological transformations. Ecol Soc. 2014;19. Moyo B. Advocating for the right to food in South Africa: an analysis of judicial activism, public interest litigation and collective action in South Africa as a strategy to secure the right to food. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand; 2016. Mukute M, Mudokwani K, McAllister G, Nyikahadzoi K. Exploring the potential of developmental work research and change laboratory to support sustainability transformations: a case study of organic agriculture in Zimbabwe. Mind Cult Act. 2018;25:229–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749039.2018.1451542. Nagendra H, Bai X, Brondizio ES, Lwasa S. The urban south and the predicament of global sustainability. Nat Sustain. 2018;1:341–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0101-5. Naumann S, Davis M, Moore M-L, McCormick K. Utilizing urban living Laboratories for Social Innovation. In: Elmqvist T, Bai X, Frantzeskaki N, et al., editors. Urban Planet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018. p. 197–217. Nevens F, Frantzeskaki N, Gorissen L, Loorbach D. Urban transition labs: co-creating transformative action for sustainable cities. J Clean Prod. 2013;50:111–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.001. Nguyen NC, Bosch OJH. A systems thinking approach to identify leverage points for sustainability: a case study in the cat Ba biosphere reserve, Vietnam. Syst Res Behav Sci. 2013;30:104–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2145. Nyström M, Jouffray J-B, Norström AV, et al. Anatomy and resilience of the global production ecosystem. Nature. 2019;575:98–108. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1712-3. O’Brien K. Global environmental change II: from adaptation to deliberate transformation. Prog Hum Geogr. 2012;36:667–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511425767. Oliver TH, Boyd E, Balcombe K, et al. Overcoming undesirable resilience in the global food system. Glob Sustain. 2018;1:e9. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2018.9. Olsson P. Synthesis: agency and opportunity. In: Westley FR, McGowan K, Tjornbo O, editors. The evolution of social innovation. Building resilience through transitions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; 2017. Olsson P, Folke C, Hahn T. Social-ecological transformation for ecosystem management: the development of adaptive co-management of a wetland landscape in southern Sweden. Ecol Soc. 2004;9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.01.001. Olsson P, Galaz V. Social-ecological innovation and transformation. In: Nicholls A, Murdock A, editors. Social Innovation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2011. p. 25. Olsson P, Galaz V. Social-ecological innovation and transformation. In: Nicholls A, Murdock A, editors. Social innovation: blurring boundaries to reconfigure markets. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2012. Olsson P, Galaz V, Boonstra WJ. Sustainability transformations : a resilience perspective. Ecol Soc. 2014;19. Olsson P, Gunderson LH, Carpenter SR, et al. Shooting the rapids: Navigating transitions to adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc. 2006;11. Olsson P, Moore ML, Westley FR, McCarthy DDP. The concept of the Anthropocene as a game-changer: a new context for social innovation and transformations to sustainability. Ecol Soc. 2017;22. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09310-220231. Pereira L, Drimie S. Governance arrangements for the future food system: addressing complexity in South Africa. Environ Sci Policy Sustain Dev. 2016;58:18–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2016.1186438. Pereira L, Frantzeskaki N, Hebinck A, et al. Transformative spaces in the making: key lessons from nine cases in the global south. Sustain Sci. 2020a;15:161–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00749-x. Pereira L, Karpouzoglou T, Doshi S, Frantzeskaki N. Organising a safe space for navigating social-ecological transformations to sustainability. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:6027–44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606027. Pereira LM. The future of South Africa’s food system: what is research telling us? Stellenbosch: Southern Africa Food Lab; 2014. Pereira LM, Bennett E, Biggs R, et al. Seeding change by visioning good Anthropocenes. Solutions. 2019a;10. https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/seeding-change-visioning-good-anthropocenes/. Pereira LM, Contreras RC, Norström AV, et al. Chefs as change-makers from the kitchen: indigenous knowledge and traditional food as sustainability innovations. Glob Sustain. 2019b;2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2059479819000139. Pereira LM, Drimie S, Maciejewski K, et al. Food system transformation: integrating a political–economy and social–ecological approach to regime shifts. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020b;17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041313. Pereira LM, Hichert T, Hamann M, et al. Using futures methods to create transformative spaces: visions of a good Anthropocene in southern Africa. Ecol Soc. 2018a;23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09907-230119. Pereira LM, Karpouzoglou T, Frantzeskaki N, Olsson P. Designing transformative spaces for sustainability in social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc. 2018b;23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10607-230432. Peyton S, Moseley W, Battersby J. Implications of supermarket expansion on urban food security in Cape Town, South Africa. Afr Geogr Rev. 2015;34:36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2014.1003307. Schäpke N, Omann I, Wittmayer J, et al. Linking transitions to sustainability: a study of the societal effects of transition management. Sustainability. 2017;9:737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050737. Schäpke N, Singer-Brodowski M, Stelzer F, et al. Creating space for change: real-world laboratories for sustainability transformations. The case of Baden-Württemberg. GAIA. 2015;24:281–3. https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.24.4.17. Schäpke N, Stelzer F, Caniglia G, et al. Jointly experimenting for transformation? Shaping real-world laboratories by comparing them. GAIA - Ecol Perspect Sci Soc. 2018;27:85–96. https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.27.S1.16. Scharmer O. The blind spot of institutional leadership: Howe to create deep innovation through moving from Egosystem to ecosystem awareness. Tianjin: World Economic Forum; 2010. Scoones I, Stirling A, Abrol D, et al. Transformations to sustainability: combining structural, systemic and enabling approaches. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2020;42:65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.12.004. Sengers F, Wieczorek AJ, Raven R. Experimenting for sustainability transitions: a systematic literature review. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2016;145:153–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.031. Sharpe B, Hodgson A, Leicester G, et al. Three horizons: a pathways practice for transformation. Ecol Soc. 2016;21. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08388-210247. Shisana O, Labadarios D, Simbayi L, et al. South African National Health and nutrition examination survey (SANHANES-1), 2014 Editi. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2014. Smith A, Raven R. What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability. Res Policy. 2012;41:1025–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.12.012. Song L, Taylor J. Making food markets work towards participatory planning and adaptive governance. In: Cabannes Y, Marocchino C, editors. Integrating food into urban planning. London: UCL Press and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations; 2018. Steffen W, Broadgate W, Deutsch L, et al. The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. Anthr Rev. 2015;2:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019614564785. Stirling A. Emancipating transformations: from controlling 'the transition’ to culturing plural radical progress. Brighton: STEPS Centre; 2014. Temple JN, Steyn PN. Food prices and energy density as barriers to healthy food patterns in Cape Town South Africa. J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2009;4:203–13. Temple NJ, Steyn NP. The cost of a healthy diet: a south African perspective. Nutrition. 2011;27:505–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.09.005. Tengö M, Hill R, Malmer P, et al. Weaving knowledge systems in IPBES, CBD and beyond—lessons learned for sustainability. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2017;26–27:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COSUST.2016.12.005. Termeer CJAM, Drimie S, Ingram J, et al. A diagnostic framework for food system governance arrangements: the case of South Africa. NJAS - Wageningen J Life Sci. 2018;84:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2017.08.001. The Pathways Network. T-labs: a practical guide- using transformation labs (T-labs) for innovation in social-ecological systems. Brighton: STEPS Centre; 2018. van Zwanenberg P, Cremaschi A, Obaya M, et al. Seeking unconventional alliances and bridging innovations in spaces for transformative change: the seed sector and agricultural sustainability in Argentina. Ecol Soc. 2018;23. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10033-230311. von Wirth T, Fuenfschilling L, Frantzeskaki N, Coenen L. Impacts of urban living labs on sustainability transitions: mechanisms and strategies for systemic change through experimentation. Eur Plan Stud. 2019;27:229–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1504895. Voytenko Y, Evans J, Schliwa G. Urban living labs for sustainability and low carbon cities in Europe: towards a research agenda. J Clean Prod. 2016;123:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2015.08.053. Walker B, Holling CS, Carpenter SR, Kinzig A. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc. 2004;9. Western Cape Government. Nourish to flourish: Western cape government household food and nutrition security strategic framework. Cape Town: Western Cape Government; 2016. Westley F. Social innovation and resilience : how one enhances the other. Stanford Soc Innov Rev. 2013;11:6–8. Westley FR, Laban S. Social Innovation Lab Guide. Waterloo: Waterloo Institute for Social Innovation; 2012. Westley FR, Tjornbo O, Schultz L, et al. A theory of transformative agency in linked social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc. 2013;18:27. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05072-180327. Wiek A, Talwar S, O’Shea M, Robinson J. Toward a methodological scheme for capturing societal effects of participatory sustainability research. Res Eval. 2014;23:117–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvt031. Willett W, Rockström J, Loken B, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet. 2019;6736:3–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4. Wittmayer JM, Schäpke N. Action, research and participation: roles of researchers in sustainability transitions. Sustain Sci. 2014;9:483–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-014-0258-4. Zgambo O. Exploring food system transformation in the greater Cape Town area. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 2018. Zgambo O, Pereira L, Boatemaa S, Drimie S. T-labs for alternative food systems in the western cape. Stellenbosch: Southern Africa Food Lab; 2018. Ziervogel G, Archer van Garderen E, Price P. Strengthening the knowledge–policy interface through co-production of a climate adaptation plan: leveraging opportunities in Bergrivier municipality, South Africa. Environ Urban. 2016;28:455–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816647340.