Phytate Intake, Health and Disease: “Let Thy Food Be Thy Medicine and Medicine Be Thy Food”
Tóm tắt
Phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate or InsP6) is the main phosphorus reservoir that is present in almost all wholegrains, legumes, and oilseeds. It is a major component of the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets. Phytate is recognized as a nutraceutical and is classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). Phytate has been shown to be effective in treating or preventing certain diseases. Phytate has been shown to inhibit calcium salt crystallization and, therefore, to reduce vascular calcifications, calcium renal calculi and soft tissue calcifications. Moreover, the adsorption of phytate to the crystal faces can inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution and bone resorption, thereby playing a role in the treatment/prevention of bone mass loss. Phytate has a potent antioxidation and anti-inflammatory action. It is capable of inhibiting lipid peroxidation through iron chelation, reducing iron-related free radical generation. As this has the effect of mitigating neuronal damage and loss, phytate shows promise in the treatment/prevention of neurodegenerative disease. It is reported that phytate improves lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, increases adiponectin, decreases leptin and reduces protein glycation, which is linked with macrovascular and microvascular diabetes complications. In this review, we summarize the benefits of phytate intake as seen in in vitro, animal model, epidemiological and clinical trials, and we also identify questions to answer in the future.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
2017, A Critical Review of Bioactive Food Components, and of their Functional Mechanisms, Biological Effects and Health Outcomes, Curr. Pharm. Des., 23, 2731, 10.2174/1381612823666170317122913
Willett, 2021, The Mediterranean diet and health: A comprehensive overview, J. Intern. Med., 290, 549, 10.1111/joim.13333
Sanchis, P., Molina, M., Berga, F., Muñoz, E., Fortuny, R., Costa-Bauzá, A., Grases, F., and Buades, J.M. (2019). A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial Assessing the Safety and Short-Term Effects of Walnut Consumption by Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 12.
2017, Plant phosphates, phytate and pathological calcifications in chronic kidney disease, Nefrologia, 37, 20
Pfrimer, 2019, Dietary patterns and nutritional adequacy in a Mediterranean country, Br. J. Nutr., 101, S21
Demer, 2008, Vascular Calcification: Pathobiology of a multifaceted disease, Circulation, 117, 2938, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743161
Sanchis, 2016, Protective Effect of Myo-Inositol Hexaphosphate (Phytate) on Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease, J. Ren. Nutr., 26, 226, 10.1053/j.jrn.2016.01.010
Grases, F., and Costa-Bauza, A. (2019). Key Aspects of Myo-Inositol Hexaphosphate (Phytate) and Pathological Calcifications. Molecules, 24.
Sanchis, P., López-González, Á.-A., Costa-Bauzá, A., Busquets-Cortés, C., Riutord, P., Calvo, P., and Grases, F. (2021). Understanding the Protective Effect of Phytate in Bone Decalcification Related-Diseases. Nutrients, 13.
Grases, 2008, Phytate reduces age-related cardiovascular calcification, Front. Biosci., 13, 7115, 10.2741/3214
Grases, 2006, Phytate (Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) inhibits cardiovascular calcifications in rats, Front. Biosci., 11, 136, 10.2741/1786
Grases, 2007, Phytate acts as an inhibitor in formation of renal calculi, Front. Biosci., 12, 2580, 10.2741/2256
Perelló, J., Salcedo, C., Ketteler, M., Tur, F., Tur, E., Isern, B., Joubert, P.H., and Ferrer, M.D. (2014). INTRAVENOUS SNF472 INHIBITS VITAMIN D INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN RATS, ASN Kidney Week.
Grases, 2007, Effect of Crystallization Inhibitors on Vascular Calcifications Induced by Vitamin D A Pilot Study in Sprague-Dawley Rats, Circ. J., 71, 1152, 10.1253/circj.71.1152
Ketteler, M., Ferrer, M.D., Tur, F., Isern, B., Salcedo, C., Joubert, P.H., and Perelló, J. (2013). SNF472 INHIBITS VITAMIN D INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN RATS, ASN Kidney Week.
Grases, 2005, Study of a myo-inositol hexaphosphate-based cream to prevent dystrophic calcinosis cutis, Br. J. Dermatol., 152, 1022, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06382.x
Budoff, 2013, Progression of Coronary Calcium and Incident Coronary Heart Disease Events, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 61, 1231, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.035
Vliegenthart, 2005, Coronary Calcification Improves Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in the Elderly, Circulation, 112, 572, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.488916
Agarwal, 2013, Coronary Calcium Score Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in Diabetes: Diabetes Heart Study, Diabetes Care, 36, 972, 10.2337/dc12-1548
Russo, 2011, Progression of coronary artery calcification and cardiac events in patients with chronic renal disease not receiving dialysis, Kidney Int., 80, 112, 10.1038/ki.2011.69
Shantouf, 2010, Total and Individual Coronary Artery Calcium Scores as Independent Predictors of Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients, Am. J. Nephrol., 31, 419, 10.1159/000294405
Fernández-Palomeque, C., Grau, A., Perelló, J., Sanchis, P., Isern, B., Prieto, R.M., Costa-Bauzá, A., Caldés, O.J., Bonnin, O., and Garcia-Raja, A. (2015). Relationship between Urinary Level of Phytate and Valvular Calcification in an Elderly Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE, 10.
Gupta, 2013, Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains, J. Food Sci. Technol., 52, 676, 10.1007/s13197-013-0978-y
Lichtenstein, 2021, 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, Circulation, 144, e472, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031
Kim, Y., Keogh, J.B., and Clifton, P.M. (2019). Does Nut Consumption Reduce Mortality and/or Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease? An Updated Review Based on Meta-Analyses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.
Kahleova, 2019, Nut consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular disease mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Nutr. Rev., 77, 691, 10.1093/nutrit/nuz042
Joubert, 2018, First-time-in-human randomized clinical trial in healthy volunteers and haemodialysis patients with SNF472, a novel inhibitor of vascular calcification, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 84, 2867, 10.1111/bcp.13752
Ferrer, 2018, SNF472, a novel inhibitor of vascular calcification, could be administered during hemodialysis to attain potentially therapeutic phytate levels, J. Nephrol., 31, 287, 10.1007/s40620-018-0471-9
Raggi, 2020, Slowing Progression of Cardiovascular Calcification With SNF472 in Patients on Hemodialysis: Results of a Randomized Phase 2b Study, Circulation, 141, 728, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044195
Sinha, 2021, SNF472: Mechanism of action and results from clinical trials, Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 30, 424, 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000726
Sanchis, 2018, Phytate Decreases Formation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in Patients with Type II Diabetes: Randomized Crossover Trial, Sci. Rep., 8, 9619, 10.1038/s41598-018-27853-9
Saku, 2020, Pathological Role of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in Calcified Aortic Valve Stenosis, J. Am. Heart Assoc., 9, e015261, 10.1161/JAHA.119.015261
Estruch, 2018, Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts, N. Engl. J. Med., 378, e34, 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389
Prieto, R.M., Rodriguez, A., Sanchis, P., Morey, M., Fiol, M., Grases, F., Castañer, O., Martínez-González, M.A., Salas-Salvadó, J., and Romaguera, D. (2019). Association of Adherence to The Mediterranean Diet with Urinary Factors Favoring Renal Lithiasis: Cross-Sectional Study of Overweight Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 11.
Alelign, 2018, Kidney Stone Disease: An Update on Current Concepts, Adv. Urol., 2018, 3068365, 10.1155/2018/3068365
Grases, 1998, Development of Calcium Oxalate Crystals on Urothelium: Effect of Free Radicals, Nephron, 78, 296, 10.1159/000044939
Grases, 2000, Phytate (IP6) is a powerful agent for preventing calcifications in biological fluids: Usefulness in renal lithiasis treatment, Anticancer Res., 19, 3717
Grases, 2015, Efficacy of Mixtures of Magnesium, Citrate and Phytate as Calcium Oxalate Crystallization Inhibitors in Urine, J. Urol., 194, 812, 10.1016/j.juro.2015.03.099
Grases, 2004, Study of Potassium Phytate Effects on Decreasing Urinary Calcium in Rats, Urol. Int., 72, 237, 10.1159/000077123
Kim, 2020, High-phytate/low-calcium diet is a risk factor for crystal nephropathies, renal phosphate wasting, and bone loss, Elife, 9, e52709, 10.7554/eLife.52709
Han, 2015, Nutritional Management of Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis), Clin. Nutr. Res., 4, 137, 10.7762/cnr.2015.4.3.137
Lin, B.-B., Lin, M.-E., Huang, R.-H., Hong, Y.-K., Lin, B.-L., and He, X.-J. (2020). Dietary and lifestyle factors for primary prevention of nephrolithiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol., 21.
Curhan, 2004, Dietary Factors and the Risk of Incident Kidney Stones in Younger Women: Nurses’ Health Study II, Arch. Intern. Med., 164, 885, 10.1001/archinte.164.8.885
Grases, 2014, Urinary Phytate (Myo-Inositol Hexaphosphate) in Healthy School Children and Risk of Nephrolithiasis, J. Ren. Nutr., 24, 219, 10.1053/j.jrn.2014.03.004
Taylor, 2009, DASH-Style Diet Associates with Reduced Risk for Kidney Stones, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 20, 2253, 10.1681/ASN.2009030276
Taylor, 2010, DASH-Style Diet and 24-Hour Urine Composition, Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 5, 2315, 10.2215/CJN.04420510
Conte, 1999, Urinary lithogen risk test: Usefulness in the evaluation of renal lithiasis treatment using crystallization inhibitors (citrate and phytate), Arch. Esp. Urol., 52, 305
Bauza, 2022, Effect of phytate on hypercalciuria secondary to bone resorption in patients with urinary stones: Pilot study, Urolithiasis, 50, 685, 10.1007/s00240-022-01357-8
Grases, 2009, Anticalculus effect of a triclosan mouthwash containing phytate: A double-blind, randomized, three-period crossover trial, J. Periodontal Res., 44, 616, 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01168.x
Kanis, 2013, European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, Osteoporos. Int., 24, 23, 10.1007/s00198-012-2074-y
Kontogianni, 2009, Association between dietary patterns and indices of bone mass in a sample of Mediterranean women, Nutrition, 25, 165, 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.019
Kitchin, 2003, Nutritional considerations in osteoporosis, Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 15, 476, 10.1097/00002281-200307000-00017
Drake, 2008, Bisphosphonates: Mechanism of Action and Role in Clinical Practice, Mayo Clin. Proc. Mayo Clin., 83, 1032, 10.4065/83.9.1032
Arriero, M.D.M., Ramis, J.M., Perelló, J., and Monjo, M. (2012). Inositol Hexakisphosphate Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis on RAW 264.7 Cells and Human Primary Osteoclasts. PLoS ONE, 7.
Fleisch, 1962, Isolation from urine of pyrophosphate, a calcification inhibitor, Am. J. Physiol. Content, 203, 671, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.203.4.671
Fleish, 1961, Mechanisms of calcification: Role of collagen, polyphosphates, and phosphatase, Am. J. Physiol. Content, 200, 1296, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.200.6.1296
Fleisch, 1970, The Inhibitory Effect of Phosphonates on the Formation of Calcium Phosphate Crystals in vitro and on Aortic and Kidney Calcification in vivo, Eur. J. Clin. Investig., 1, 12, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1970.tb00591.x
Fleisch, 1969, Diphosphonates Inhibit Hydroxyapatite Dissolution in vitro and Bone Resorption in Tissue Culture and in vivo, Science, 165, 1262, 10.1126/science.165.3899.1262
Grases, 2010, Effect of Tetracalcium Dimagnesium Phytate on Bone Characteristics in Ovariectomized Rats, J. Med. Food, 13, 1301, 10.1089/jmf.2009.0152
Gonzalez, 2019, Urinary phytate concentration and risk of fracture determined by the FRAX index in a group of postmenopausal women, Turk. J. Med. Sci., 49, 458, 10.3906/sag-1806-117
Grases, 2012, Protective effect of myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) on bone mass loss in postmenopausal women, Eur. J. Nutr., 52, 717
Grases, 2008, Phytate (myo-Inositol Hexaphosphate) and Risk Factors for Osteoporosis, J. Med. Food, 11, 747, 10.1089/jmf.2008.0087
Grases, 2011, Influencia del consumo de fitato sobre la masa ósea en mujeres posmenopáusicas de Mallorca, Reumatol. Clínica, 7, 220, 10.1016/j.reuma.2010.07.004
Prieto, 2010, Effects of Mediterranean diets with low and high proportions of phytate-rich foods on the urinary phytate excretion, Eur. J. Nutr., 49, 321, 10.1007/s00394-009-0087-x
Rivas, 2012, Mediterranean diet and bone mineral density in two age groups of women, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 64, 155, 10.3109/09637486.2012.718743
Pérez-Rey, J., Roncero-Martín, R., Rico-Martín, S., Rey-Sánchez, P., Pedrera-Zamorano, J.D., Pedrera-Canal, M., López-Espuela, F., and Lavado-García, J.M. (2019). Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Bone Mineral Density in Spanish Premenopausal Women. Nutrients, 11.
Moran, 2012, Dietary Habits, Nutrients and Bone Mass in Spanish Premenopausal Women: The Contribution of Fish to Better Bone Health, Nutrients, 5, 10, 10.3390/nu5010010
Larvie, D., and Armah, S. (2021). Estimated Phytate Intake Is Associated with Improved Cognitive Function in the Elderly, NHANES 2013–2014. Antioxidants, 10.
Bruins, M.J., Van Dael, P., and Eggersdorfer, M. (2019). The Role of Nutrients in Reducing the Risk for Noncommunicable Diseases during Aging. Nutrients, 11.
Li, 2019, Association of Zinc, Iron, Copper, and Selenium Intakes with Low Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), J. Alzheimer’s Dis., 72, 1145, 10.3233/JAD-190263
Abdulwaliyu, 2019, Investigation of the medicinal significance of phytic acid as an indispensable anti-nutrient in diseases, Clin. Nutr. Exp., 28, 42, 10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.10.002
Xu, 2011, Phytic Acid Protects against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neuron Apoptosis in Normal and Iron Excess Conditions in a Cell Culture Model, Park. Dis., 2011, 431068
Rahmati, 2015, Phytic Acid Mitigates Motor Asymmetry in Male Rat with Unilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine Striatal Lesion, J. Basic Clin. Pathophysiol., 3, 25
Abe, 2014, Identification of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) as a β-secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitory molecule in rice grain extract and digest, FEBS Open Bio, 4, 162, 10.1016/j.fob.2014.01.008
Grases, 2001, Phytate levels in diverse rat tissues: Influence of dietary phytate, Br. J. Nutr., 86, 225, 10.1079/BJN2001389
Anekonda, 2011, Phytic Acid as a Potential Treatment for Alzheimer’s Pathology: Evidence from Animal and in vitro Models, J. Alzheimer’s Dis., 23, 21, 10.3233/JAD-2010-101287
Cherian, 2019, Mediterranean-Dash Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet Slows Cognitive Decline After Stroke, J. Prev. Alzheimer’s Dis., 6, 267
Berendsen, 2019, The Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diets Are Associated with Less Cognitive Decline and a Lower Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease—A Review, Adv. Nutr., 10, 1040, 10.1093/advances/nmz054
McCormick, 2019, Nurturing Environments and Nutrient-Rich Diets May Improve Cognitive Development: Analysis of Cognitive Trajectories from Six to Sixty Months from the MAL-ED Study (OR10-01-19), Curr. Dev. Nutr., 3, nzz034, 10.1093/cdn/nzz034.OR10-01-19
(2022). American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clin. Diabetes, 40, 10–38.
Visseren, 2021, ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice, Eur. Heart J., 42, 3227, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
Zavodnik, 1997, Human red blood cell membrane potential and fluidity in glucose solutions, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig., 57, 59, 10.3109/00365519709057819
Zheng, 2010, Relationships between glucose excursion and the activation of oxidative stress in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose regulation, Endocrine, 37, 201, 10.1007/s12020-009-9296-6
Peppa, 2005, Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications: A General overview, Hormones, 4, 28, 10.14310/horm.2002.11140
Salvayre, 2009, Hyperglycemia and Glycation in Diabetic Complications, Antioxid. Redox Signal., 11, 3071, 10.1089/ars.2009.2484
Delen, 2001, Catalase/Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase/Paraoxonase (PON) Ratios May Implicate Poor Glycemic Control, Arch. Med. Res., 32, 283, 10.1016/S0188-4409(01)00285-5
Dilworth, 2005, The effect of phytic acid on the levels of blood glucose and some enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, West Indian Med. J., 54, 102, 10.1590/S0043-31442005000200003
Berridge, 1984, Inositol trisphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction, Nature, 312, 315, 10.1038/312315a0
Deshpande, 1984, Effects of Phytic Acid, Divalent Cations, and Their Interactions on ?-Amylase Activity, J. Food Sci., 49, 516, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb12456.x
Omoruyi, F., Stennett, D., Foster, S., and Dilworth, L. (2020). New Frontiers for the Use of IP6 and Inositol Combination in Treating Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Molecules, 25.
Yuangklang, 2005, Effect of sodium phytate supplementation on fat digestion and cholesterol metabolism in female rats, J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 89, 373, 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00525.x
Luthra, 1993, Nonenzymatic glycation alters protein structure and stability. A study of two eye lens crystallins, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 18119, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46819-0
Liu, 2012, Glycation a promising method for food protein modification: Physicochemical properties and structure, a review, Food Res. Int., 49, 170, 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.034
Adrover, 2014, Mechanistic Insights in Glycation-Induced Protein Aggregation, Biomacromolecules, 15, 3449, 10.1021/bm501077j
Pauwels, 2017, Glycation of Lysozyme by Glycolaldehyde Provides New Mechanistic Insights in Diabetes-Related Protein Aggregation, ACS Chem. Biol., 12, 1152, 10.1021/acschembio.6b01103
Oliveira, L.M., Lages, A., Gomes, R.A., Neves, H., Família, C., Coelho, A.V., and Quintas, A. (2011). Insulin glycation by methylglyoxal results in native-like aggregation and inhibition of fibril formation. BMC Biochem., 12.
Oliveira, 2013, Insights into the molecular mechanism of protein native-like aggregation upon glycation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Proteins Proteom., 1834, 1010, 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.001
Ikenaga, 2019, Effect of Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) on Serum Uric Acid in Hyperuricemic Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 74, 316, 10.1007/s11130-019-00735-9
Onomi, 2004, Effect of Dietary Level of Phytic Acid on Hepatic and Serum Lipid Status in Rats Fed a High-sucrose Diet, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 68, 1379, 10.1271/bbb.68.1379
Lee, 2006, Dietary phytic acid lowers the blood glucose level in diabetic KK mice, Nutr. Res., 26, 474, 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.06.017
Kuppusamy, 2011, In vitro (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition) and in vivo antidiabetic property of phytic acid (IP6) in streptozotocin- nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in rats, J. Complement. Integr. Med., 8, 1, 10.2202/1553-3840.1483
Omoruyi, 2013, The Potential Benefits and Adverse Effects of Phytic Acid Supplement in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats, Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci., 2013, 172494
Foster, 2016, The effect of combined inositol hexakisphosphate and inositol supplement in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats, Int. J. Exp. Pathol., 97, 397, 10.1111/iep.12210
Panagiotakos, 2007, The Association between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Fasting Indices of Glucose Homoeostasis: The ATTICA Study, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 26, 32, 10.1080/07315724.2007.10719583
Martín-Peláez, S., Fito, M., and Castaner, O. (2020). Mediterranean Diet Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Prevention, Disease Progression, and Related Mechanisms. A Review. Nutrients, 12.
Chandalia, 2000, Beneficial Effects of High Dietary Fiber Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 1392, 10.1056/NEJM200005113421903
Venn, 2004, Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58, 1443, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601995
Estruch, 2006, Effects of a Mediterranean-Style Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A randomized trial, Ann. Intern. Med., 145, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00004
Toobert, 2003, Biologic and Quality-of-Life Outcomes From the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program, Diabetes Care, 26, 2288, 10.2337/diacare.26.8.2288
Elhayany, 2010, A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 1-year prospective randomized intervention study, Diabetes Obes. Metab., 12, 204, 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01151.x
Mirmiran, 2018, Legume consumption increase adiponectin concentrations among type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized crossover clinical trial, Endocrinol. Diabetes Y Nutr., 66, 49, 10.1016/j.endinu.2018.07.003
(2022, December 03). Communication DIABETES MELLITUS|Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición|Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición. Available online: https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-endocrinologia-diabetes-nutricion-13-congresos-63-congreso-nacional-sociedad-espanola-148-sesion-diabetes-mellitus-7167-comunicacion-el-consumo-diario-de-fitato-86211.
Avgerinos, 2019, Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives, Metabolism, 92, 121, 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001
Proietti, 2017, Inositol hexaphosphate (InsP6) as an effective topical treatment for patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after breast surgery, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 21, 43
Vucenik, 2003, Cancer Inhibition by Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Inositol: From Laboratory to Clinic, J. Nutr., 133, 3778S, 10.1093/jn/133.11.3778S
Ferry, 2002, Inositol hexakisphosphate blocks tumor cell growth by activating apoptotic machinery as well as by inhibiting the Akt/NFkappaB-mediated cell survival pathway, Carcinogenesis, 23, 2031, 10.1093/carcin/23.12.2031
Agarwal, 2004, Inositol Hexaphosphate Inhibits Growth and Induces G1 Arrest and Apoptotic Death of Androgen-Dependent Human Prostate Carcinoma LNCaP Cells, Neoplasia, 6, 646, 10.1593/neo.04232
Sakamoto, 1993, Growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 cells in vitro by inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid), Carcinogenesis, 14, 1815, 10.1093/carcin/14.9.1815
Yang, 1995, IP6-induced growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 human colon cancer cells: Involvement of intracellular inositol phosphates, Anticancer Res., 15, 2479
Shamsuddin, 1992, Effects of inositol hexaphosphate on growth and differentiation in K-562 erythroleukemia cell line, Cancer Lett., 64, 195, 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90043-U
Deliliers, 2002, Effect of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) on human normal and leukaemic haematopoietic cells, Br. J. Haematol., 117, 577, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03453.x
Shamsuddin, 1996, Novel anti-cancer functions of IP6: Growth inhibition and differentiation of human mammary cancer cell lines in vitro, Anticancer Res., 16, 3287
Zi, 2000, Impairment of erbB1 receptor and fluid-phase endocytosis and associated mitogenic signaling by inositol hexaphosphate in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells, Carcinogenesis, 21, 2225, 10.1093/carcin/21.12.2225
Shamsuddin, 1995, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth and induces differentiation of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, Carcinogenesis, 16, 1975, 10.1093/carcin/16.8.1975
Singh, 2003, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth, and induces G1 arrest and apoptotic death of prostate carcinoma DU145 cells: Modulation of CDKI-CDK-cyclin and pRb-related protein-E2F complexes, Carcinogenesis, 24, 555, 10.1093/carcin/24.3.555
Vucenik, 1999, IP6 in treatment of liver cancer. I. IP6 inhibits growth and reverses transformed phenotype in HepG2 human liver cancer cell line, Anticancer Res., 18, 4083
Vucenik, 1992, Antitumor activity of phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) in murine transplanted and metastatic fibrosarcoma, a pilot study, Cancer Lett., 65, 9, 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90206-B
Vucenik, 1998, Novel anticancer function of inositol hexaphosphate: Inhibition of human rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro and in vivo, Anticancer Res., 18, 1377
Markiewicz, L., Ogrodowczyk, A., Wiczkowski, W., and Wróblewska, B. (2021). Phytate and Butyrate Differently Influence the Proliferation, Apoptosis and Survival Pathways in Human Cancer and Healthy Colonocytes. Nutrients, 13.
Shamsuddin, 1988, Suppression of large intestinal cancer in F344 rats by inositol hexaphosphate, Carcinogenesis, 9, 577, 10.1093/carcin/9.4.577
Shamsuddin, 1989, Inositol and inositol hexaphosphate suppress cell proliferation and tumor formation in CD-1 mice, Carcinogenesis, 10, 1461, 10.1093/carcin/10.8.1461
Shamsuddin, 1989, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits large intestinal cancer in F344 rats 5 months after induction by azoxymethane, Carcinogenesis, 10, 625, 10.1093/carcin/10.3.625
Nelson, 1989, The effect of iron on experimental colorectal carcinogenesis, Anticancer Res., 9, 1477
Pretlow, 1992, Aberrant crypts correlate with tumor incidence in F344 rats treated with azoxymethane and phytate, Carcinogenesis, 13, 1509, 10.1093/carcin/13.9.1509
Shivapurkar, 1996, A rapid dual organ rat carcinogenesis bioassay for evaluating the chemoprevention of breast and colon cancer, Cancer Lett., 100, 169, 10.1016/0304-3835(95)04097-8
Challa, 1997, Interactive suppression of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon by phytic acid and green tea, Carcinogenesis, 18, 2023, 10.1093/carcin/18.10.2023
Jenab, 2000, Phytic acid in wheat bran affects colon morphology, cell differentiation and apoptosis, Carcinogenesis, 21, 1547, 10.1093/carcin/21.8.1547
Thompson, 1991, Phytic acid and minerals: Effect on early markers of risk for mammary and colon carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 12, 2041, 10.1093/carcin/12.11.2041
Vucenik, 1999, IP6 in treatment of liver cancer. II. Intra-tumoral injection of IP6 regresses pre-existing human liver cancer xenotransplanted in nude mice, Anticancer Res., 18, 4091
Hirose, 1991, Modifying effects of the naturally occurring antioxidants γ-oryzanol, phytic acid, tannic acid and n-tritriacontane-16,18-dione in a rat wide-spectrum organ carcinogenesis model, Carcinogenesis, 12, 1917, 10.1093/carcin/12.10.1917
Estensen, 1993, Studies of chemopreventive effects of myo-inositol on benzo(a)pyrene-induced neoplasia of the lung and forestomach of female A/J mice, Carcinogenesis, 14, 1975, 10.1093/carcin/14.9.1975
Wattenberg, 1995, Chalcones, myo-inositol and other novel inhibitors of pulmonary carcinogenesis, J. Cell. Biochem., 59, 162, 10.1002/jcb.240590821
Vucenik, 1993, Inhibition of rat mammary carcinogenesis by inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid). A pilot study, Cancer Lett., 75, 95, 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90193-D
Vucenik, 1995, Inositol hexaphosphate and inositol inhibit DMBA-induced rat mammary cancer, Carcinogenesis, 16, 1055, 10.1093/carcin/16.5.1055
Ishikawa, 2000, Inhibition of skin cancer by IP6 in vivo: Initiation-promotion model, Anticancer Res., 19, 3749
Jagadeesh, 2006, Inositol hexaphosphate represses telomerase activity and translocates TERT from the nucleus in mouse and human prostate cancer cells via the deactivation of Akt and PKCα, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 349, 1361, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.002
Vucenik, 1997, Comparison of pure inositol hexaphosphate and high-bran diet in the prevention of DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis, Nutr. Cancer, 28, 7, 10.1080/01635589709514546
Mentella, M.C., Scaldaferri, F., Ricci, C., Gasbarrini, A., and Miggiano, G.A.D. (2019). Cancer and Mediterranean Diet: A Review. Nutrients, 11.
Minihan, 2021, Proportion of Cancer Cases Attributable to Physical Inactivity by US State, 2013–2016, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 54, 417, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002801
Scoccianti, 2016, Body Fatness and Cancer—Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group, N. Engl. J. Med., 375, 794, 10.1056/NEJMsr1606602
Key, 2020, Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: What do we know and what is the way forward?, BMJ, 368, m511, 10.1136/bmj.m511
Papadimitriou, 2021, An umbrella review of the evidence associating diet and cancer risk at 11 anatomical sites, Nat. Commun., 12, 4579, 10.1038/s41467-021-24861-8
Buckland, 2012, Adherence to the mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort study, Int. J. Cancer, 132, 2918, 10.1002/ijc.27958
Trichopoulou, 2003, Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Survival in a Greek Population, N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 2599, 10.1056/NEJMoa025039
Researchers, 2018, Low adherence to the western and high adherence to the mediterranean dietary patterns could prevent colorectal cancer, Eur. J. Nutr., 58, 1495
Schneider, 2019, Dietary patterns based on the Mediterranean diet and DASH diet are inversely associated with high aggressive prostate cancer in PCaP, Ann. Epidemiol., 29, 16, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.08.012
Kenfield, 2014, Mediterranean Diet and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, Eur. Urol., 65, 887, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.009
Praud, 2013, Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and gastric cancer risk in Italy, Int. J. Cancer, 134, 2935, 10.1002/ijc.28620
Bravi, F., Spei, M.-E., Polesel, J., Di Maso, M., Montella, M., Ferraroni, M., Serraino, D., Libra, M., Negri, E., and La Vecchia, C. (2018). Mediterranean Diet and Bladder Cancer Risk in Italy. Nutrients, 10.
Filomeno, 2014, The role of a Mediterranean diet on the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer, Br. J. Cancer, 111, 981, 10.1038/bjc.2014.329
Rosato, 2015, Population Attributable Risk for Pancreatic Cancer in Northern Italy, Pancreas, 44, 216, 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000251
Anic, 2015, Index-based dietary patterns and risk of lung cancer in the NIH–AARP diet and health study, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 70, 123, 10.1038/ejcn.2015.122
Onstad, 2016, Addressing the Role of Obesity in Endometrial Cancer Risk, Prevention, and Treatment, J. Clin. Oncol., 34, 4225, 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.4638
Aguilera, 2018, The food matrix: Implications in processing, nutrition and health, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 59, 3612, 10.1080/10408398.2018.1502743
Graf, 1985, Dietary suppression of colonic cancer. Fiber or phytate?, Cancer, 56, 717, 10.1002/1097-0142(19850815)56:4<717::AID-CNCR2820560402>3.0.CO;2-4
Wiśniewski, K., Jozwik, M., and Wojtkiewicz, J. (2020). Cancer Prevention by Natural Products Introduced into the Diet—Selected Cyclitols. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.
Lam, 2006, A Phase I Study of myo-Inositol for Lung Cancer Chemoprevention, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 15, 1526, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0128
Lam, 2016, A Randomized Phase IIb Trial of myo-Inositol in Smokers with Bronchial Dysplasia, Cancer Prev. Res., 9, 906, 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0254
Karlo, 2010, Efficacy of IP6 + inositol in the treatment of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: Prospective, randomized, pilot clinical study, J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 29, 12, 10.1186/1756-9966-29-12
Baten, 1989, Inositol-phosphate-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity correlates with tumor suppression, Carcinogenesis, 10, 1595, 10.1093/carcin/10.9.1595
Zhang, 2005, Inositol hexaphosphate-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity correlates with suppression of colon carcinogenesis in rats, World J. Gastroenterol., 11, 5044, 10.3748/wjg.v11.i32.5044
Khurana, 2019, Inositol hexaphosphate plus inositol induced complete remission in stage IV melanoma: A case report, Melanoma Res., 29, 322, 10.1097/CMR.0000000000000577
Nassar, 2016, Antimicrobial effect of phytic acid on Enterococcus faecalis, Int. Arab. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 6, 1
Kim, 2016, Phytic Acid and Sodium Chloride Show Marked Synergistic Bactericidal Effects against Nonadapted and Acid-Adapted Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 82, 1040, 10.1128/AEM.03307-15
Yadav, 2018, Inhibitory Mechanism on Combination of Phytic Acid with Methanolic Seed Extract of Syzygium cumini and Sodium Chloride over Bacillus subtilis, Curr. Microbiol., 75, 849, 10.1007/s00284-018-1457-5
Otake, 1989, Inhibitory Effect of Inositol Hexasulfate and Inositol Hexaphosphoric Acid (Phytic acid) on the Proliferation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in vitro, Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 63, 676, 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.63.676
Rungratanawanich, 2021, Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury, Exp. Mol. Med., 53, 168, 10.1038/s12276-021-00561-7
Stodolak, 2007, The effect of phytic acid on oxidative stability of raw and cooked meat, Food Chem., 101, 1041, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.061
Trela, 2010, Iron Stabilization with Phytic Acid in Model Wine and Wine, Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 61, 253, 10.5344/ajev.2010.61.2.253
Xie, 2014, Phytic acid enhances the oral absorption of isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L., Fitoterapia, 93, 216, 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.013
1972, Desorption of Salivary Proteins from Hydroxyapatite by Phytic Acid and Glycerophosphate and the Plaque-Inhibiting Effect of the Two Compounds In Vivo, J. Dent. Res., 51, 800, 10.1177/00220345720510031701
Nassar, 2021, Antimicrobial Activity of Phytic Acid: An Emerging Agent in Endodontics, Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11, 753649, 10.3389/fcimb.2021.753649
Wang, 2021, Phytic acid and its interactions: Contributions to protein functionality, food processing, and safety, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 20, 2081, 10.1111/1541-4337.12714
Miguel, 2022, Antinutrients: Lectins, goitrogens, phytates and oxalates, friends or foe?, J. Funct. Foods, 89, 104938, 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104938
Reddy, 1996, The influence of different protein sources on phytate inhibition of nonheme-iron absorption in humans, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63, 203, 10.1093/ajcn/63.2.203
Hurrell, 2010, Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 91, 1461S, 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674F
Lazarte, 2019, Phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium content of common Bolivian foods and their estimated mineral bioavailability, Food Sci. Nutr., 7, 2854, 10.1002/fsn3.1127
Fredlund, 2006, Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: Dose-dependent inhibition by phytate, J. Trace Elements Med. Biol., 20, 49, 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003
Miller, 2015, Zinc Absorption Is Not Related to Dietary Phytate Intake in Infants and Young Children Based on Modeling Combined Data from Multiple Studies, J. Nutr., 145, 1763, 10.3945/jn.115.213074
Hoppe, 2018, Low-phytate wholegrain bread instead of high-phytate wholegrain bread in a total diet context did not improve iron status of healthy Swedish females: A 12-week, randomized, parallel-design intervention study, Eur. J. Nutr., 58, 853, 10.1007/s00394-018-1722-1
Mendoza, 1998, Effect of genetically modified, low-phytic acid maize on absorption of iron from tortillas, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68, 1123, 10.1093/ajcn/68.5.1123
Mendoza, 2001, Absorption of iron from unmodified maize and genetically altered, low-phytate maize fortified with ferrous sulfate or sodium iron EDTA, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 80, 10.1093/ajcn/73.1.80
Grases, 2001, Dietary phytate and mineral bioavailability, J. Trace Elements Med. Biol., 15, 221, 10.1016/S0946-672X(01)80037-7
Walker, 1948, Studies in human mineral metabolism: 1. The effect of bread rich in phytate phosphorus on the metabolism of certain mineral salts with special reference to calcium, Biochem. J., 42, 452, 10.1042/bj0420452
Grases, 2018, Evaluation of inositol phosphates in urine after topical administration of myo-inositol hexaphosphate to female Wistar rats, Life Sci., 192, 33, 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.023
Grases, 2000, Inositol hexakisphosphate in urine: The relationship between oral intake and urinary excretion, Br. J. Urol., 85, 138, 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00324.x
Grases, 2001, Absorption and excretion of orally administered inositol hexaphosphate (IP6or phytate) in humans, BioFactors, 15, 53, 10.1002/biof.5520150105
Schlemmer, 2009, Phytate in foods and significance for humans: Food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 53, S330, 10.1002/mnfr.200900099