Physiology and Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Central Role of the Brain
Tóm tắt
The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral responses which can be either adaptive or damaging. Stress involves two-way communication between the brain and the cardiovascular, immune, and other systems via neural and endocrine mechanisms. Beyond the “flight-or-fight” response to acute stress, there are events in daily life that produce a type of chronic stress and lead over time to wear and tear on the body (“allostatic load”). Yet, hormones associated with stress protect the body in the short-run and promote adaptation (“allostasis”). The brain is a target of stress, and the hippocampus was the first brain region, besides the hypothalamus, to be recognized as a target of glucocorticoids. Stress and stress hormones produce both adaptive and maladaptive effects on this brain region throughout the life course. Early life events influence life-long patterns of emotionality and stress responsiveness and alter the rate of brain and body aging. The hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex undergo stress-induced structural remodeling, which alters behavioral and physiological responses. As an adjunct to pharmaceutical therapy, social and behavioral interventions such as regular physical activity and social support reduce the chronic stress burden and benefit brain and body health and resilience.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acheson SD.Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report.London: The Stationary Office, 1998.
Adler NE, Marmot M, McEwen BS, Stewart JE.Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations: Social, Psychological, Biological Pathways.New York: NY Acad. Sci. 1999.
Alfonso J, Frasch AC, Flugge G.Chronic stress, depression and antidepressants: effects on gene transcription in the hippocampus.Rev Neurosci16: 43–56, 2005.
Barbour KA, Blumenthal JA.Exercise training and depression in older adults.Neurobiol Aging26S: S119–S123, 2005.
Brown SM, Henning S, Wellman CL.Mild, short-term stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex.Cerebral Cortex30: 1–9, 2005.
Cameron HA, Tanapat P, Gould E.Adrenal steroids andN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation regulate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult rats through a common pathway.Neuroscience82: 349–354, 1998.
Cockburn A, Lee AK.Marsupial femmes fatales.Natural History97: 40–47, 1988.
Crombag HS, Gorny G, Li Y, Kolb B, Robinson TE.Opposite effects of amphetamine self-administration experience on dendritic spines in the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex.Cerebral Cortex15: 341–348, 2005.
Demitrack MA.Neuroendocrine research strategies in chronic fatigue syndrome. In:Chronic Fatigue and Related Immune Deficiency Syndromes, edited by Goodnick PJ and Klimas NG. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996, chapt. 3, p. 45–66.
Evans GW, Gonnella C, Marcynyszyn LA, Gentile L, Salpekar N.The role of chaos in poverty and children's socioemotional adjustment.Psychol Sci16: 560–565, 2004.
Frick KD, Carlson MC, Glass TA, McGill S, Rebok GW, Simpson C, Fried LP.Modeled cost-effectiveness of the experience corps Baltimore based on a pilot randomized trial.J Urban Health Bull NY Acad Med81: 106–117, 2004.
Garrosa E, Moreno-Jimenez B, Liang Y, Gonzalez JL.The relationship between socio-demographic variables, job stressors, burnout, hardly personality in nurses: a exploratory study.Int J Nursing Studies2006.
Geronimus AT.The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations.Ethnicity Disease2: 207–221, 1992.
Guzman-Marin R, Suntsova N, Stewart DR, Gong H, Szymusiak R, McGinty D.Sleep deprivation reduces proliferation of cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in rats.J Physiol549.2: 563–571, 2003.
Herman AI, Kaiss KM, Ma R, Philbeck JW, Hasan A, Dasti H, DePetrillo PB.Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and monoamine oxidase type A VNTR allelic variants together influence alcohol binge drinking risk in young women.Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiat Genet133: 74–78, 2005.
Huizenga NATM, Koper JW, De Lange P, Pols HAP, Stolk RP, Burger H, Grobbee DE, Brinkmann AO, De Jong FH, Lamberts SWJ.A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene may be associated with an increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo.J Clin Endocrinol Metab83: 144–151, 1998.
Leproult R, Copinschi G, Buxton O, Van Cauter E.Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening.Sleep20: 865–870, 1997.
Leuner B, Gould E, Shors TJ.Is there a link between adult neurogenesis and learning?Hippocampus26: 216–224, 2006.
Magarinos AM, McEwen BS, Saboureau M, Pevet P.Rapid and reversible changes in intrahippocampal connectivity during the course of hibernation in European hamsters.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA49: 18775–18780, 2006.
McEwen BS, Lasley EN.The end of sex as we know it. In:Cerebrum.The Dana Forum on Brain Science.New York: Dana Press, 2005.
Moriceau S, Sullivan R.Maternal presence serves as a switch between learning fear and attraction in infancy.Nature Neurosci8: 1004–1006, 2006.
Munck A, Guyre PM.Glucocorticoids and immune function. In:Psychoneuroimmunology, edited by Ader R, Felten DL, Cohen N. San Diego, CA: Academic, 1991, p. 447–474.
Nelson RA.Protein and fat metabolism in hibernating bears.Federation Proc39: 2955–2958, 1980.
Nesse R, Williams GC.Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine.New York: Times Books, 1994.
Pelletier KR.A review and analysis of the clinical- and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: 1998–2000 update.Am J Health Promotion16: 107–115, 2001.
Pham K, Nacher J, Hof PR, McEwen BS.Repeated, but not acute, restraint stress suppresses proliferation of neural precursor cells and increases PSA-NCAM expression in the adult rat dentate gyrus.J Neurosci17: 879–886, 2003.
Rajeevan MS, Smith AK, Dimulescu I, Unger ER, Vernon SD, Heim C, Reeves WC.Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms and haplotypes associated with chronic fatigue syndrome.Genes Brain Behav1–10, 2006.
Rasgon NL, Kenna HA.Insulin resistance in depressive disorders and Alzheimer's disease: revisiting the missing link hypothesis.Neurobiol Aging26S: S103–S107, 2005.
Rasmussen T, Schliemann T, Sorensen JC, Zimmer J, West MJ.Memory impaired aged rats: no loss of principal hippocampal and subicular neurons.Neurobiol Aging14: 143–147, 1996.
Sanghi S, MacLaughlin EJ, Jewell CW, Chaffer S, Naus PJ, Watson LE, Dostal DE.Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: a painful lesson.Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets6: 85–100, 2006.
Sapolsky R.Stress, the Aging Brain and the Mechanisms of Neuron Death.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992, vol. 1, p. 423.
Sapolsky RM.Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers.New York: Henry Holt, 2004.
Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU.How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, preparative actions.Endocrine Rev21: 55–89, 2000.
Saxena S, Jane-Llopis E, Hosman C.Prevention of mental and behavioural disorders: implications for policy and practice.World Psychiat5: 5–14, 2006.
Siiteri P, Murai J, Hammond G, Nisker J, Raymoure W, Kuhn R.The serum transport of steroid hormones.Rec Prog Horm Res38: 457–510, 1982.
Squire L.The hippocampus and the neuropsychology of memory. In:Neurobiology of the Hippocampus, edited by Seifert W. London: Academic, 1983, p. 491–511.
Sterling P, Eyer J.Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In:Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health, edited by Fisher S, Reason J. New York: Wiley, 1988, p. 629–649.
Sze P.Glucocorticoid regulation of the serotonergic system of the brain. In:Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, edited by Costa E, Giacobini E, Paoletti R. New York: Raven, 1976, p. 251–265.
Tang AC, Akers KG, Reeb BC, Romeo RD, McEwen BS.Programming social, cognitive, neuroendocrine development by early exposure to novelty.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.103: 15716–15721, 2007.
Venero C, Borrell J.Rapid glucocorticoid effects on excitatory amino acid levels in the hippocampus: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats.Eur J Neurosci1: 2465–2473, 1999.
Wadhwa PD, Sandman CA, Garite TJ.The Neurobiology of Stress in Human Pregnancy: Implications for Prematurity and Development of the Fetal Central Nervous System.New York: Elsevier Science, 2001, p. 131–142.
Wingfield JC, Romero LM.Adrenocortical responses to stress and their modulation in free-living vertebrates. In:Coping With the Environment: Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms.New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000, p. 211–234.
Wood PB.Fibromyalgia syndrome: a central role for the hippocampus—a theoretical construct.J Musculoskeletal Pain12: 19–26, 2004.