Photobiological safety of the recently introduced energy efficient household lamps
Tóm tắt
Nowadays more and more newly introduced light sources (tungsten-halogen, compact fluorescent (CFL) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps) are used in households. It is important to know whether their radiation poses any possible risk for human health or not. These light sources emit optical radiation not solely in the visible spectrum. Other bands emitted by these sources, i.e., ultraviolet and infrared, are potentially hazardous for human health. The visible light, especially the blue light, could also damage human retina. The purpose of this study was to determine the ultraviolet (UV) and blue light (BL) emissions from halogen bulbs, CFLs and LED lamps, and to evaluate them from the point of view of possible health risks for general public. The exposure of UV and BL emissions from 19 types of CFLs, 11 types of halogen lamps and 4 types of LED lamps produced by different manufacturers were measured at 200 mm distance from the source. The exposures to UV and BL were below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure limits in spite of the very conservative assumption of the assessment. Results of this study indicate that the UV and BL radiation from the newly introduced lamps does not exceed the current exposure limit values and thus, in comparison with the former incandescent bulbs, does not result in a higher risk for general public.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Commission regulation (EC) No. 244/2009 of 18 March 2009 on implementing directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps. Off J Eur Union. 2009;L(76):3–16.
Bakos J, Nagy N, Juhasz P, Thuroczy G. Spot measurements of intermediate frequency electric fields in the vicinity of compact fluorescent lamps. Radiat Protect Dosimetry. 2010;142(2–4):354–357, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq276.
National Radiological Protection Board. Health effects from ultraviolet radiation — Report of an advisory group on non-ionizing radiation. Documents of the NRPB. 2002;13.
Balk SJ. Technical report — ultraviolet radiation: A hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;127(3):E791–E817, http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-3502.
Cesarini JP. [Blue light hazards for ocular lesions]. Radioprotection. 2009;44(4):463–478. French, http://dx.doi. org/10.1051/radiopro/2009016.
Algvere PV, Marshall J, Seregard S. Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard. Acta Ophthalmol Scan. 2006;84(1):4–15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00627.x.
Taylor HR, West S, Munoz B, Rosenthal FS, Bressler SB, Bressler NM. The long-term effects of visible-light on the eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(1):99–104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1992.01080130101035.
Cole C, Forbes PD, Davies RE, Urbach F. Effect of indoor lighting on normal skin. Ann N Acad Sci. 1985Sep 20;453:305–316, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.b11819.x.
Nuzum-Keim AD, Sontheimer RD. Ultraviolet light output of compact fluorescent lamps: Comparison to conventional incandescent and halogen residential lighting sources. Lupus. 2009;18(6):556–560, http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0961203309103052.
Maxwell KJ, Elwood JM. UV-radiation from fluorescent lights. Lancet. 1983;2(8349):579, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90614-1.
Biella U. [UV radiation exposure caused by fluorescent lights]. Dermatologische Monatschrift. 1990;176(4):235–238. German.
Klein RS, Sayre RM, Dowdy JC, Werth VP. The risk of ultraviolet radiation exposure from indoor lamps in lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;8(4):320–324, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2008.10.003.
Bloom E, Cleaver J, Sayre RM, Maibach HI, Polansky JR. Halogen lamp phototoxicity. Dermatology. 1996;193(3):207–211, http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000246247.
Khazova M, O’Hagan JB. Optical radiation emissions from compact fluorescent lamps. Rad Prot Dosimetry. 2008;131(4):521–525, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncn234.
Moseley H, Ferguson J. The risk to normal and photosensitive individuals from exposure to light from compact fluorescent lamps. Photodermatol Photo. 2011;27(3):131–137, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00576.x.
Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Vienot F, Zissis G, Barlier-Salsi A, Cesarini JP, et al. Light-emitting diodes (LED) for domestic lighting: Any risks for the eye Prog Retin Eye Res. 2011;30(4):239–257, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.04.002.
Okuno T, Saito H, Ojima J. Evaluation of blue-light hazards from various light sources Developments in ophthalmology. 2002;35:104–112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000060814.
International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 62471: 2006. Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems. Geneva: IEC; 2006.
ICNIRP Guidelines on limits of exposure to broad-band incoherent optical radiation (0.38 to 3 mm). Health Phys. 1997;73(3):539–554.
McKinlay AF, Bernhardt JH, Ahlbom A, Cesarini JP, de Gruijl FR, Hietanen M, et al. ICNIRP Guidelines on limits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (incoherent optical radiation). Health Phys. 2004;87(2):171–186, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200408000-00006.
Klein RS, Werth VP, Dowdy JC, Sayre RM. Analysis of compact fluorescent lights for use by patients with photosensitive conditions. Photochem Photobiol. 2009;85(4):1004–1010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00540.x.