PhiΦBreast & theory of spiral cancer new diagnostic techniques for breast cancer detection

Translational Medicine Communications
Ersilio Trapanese1, Giulio Tarro2
1CMM Diagnostic Center, Cava de’ Tirreni, Italy
2De Beaumont Bonelli Foundation, Naples, Italy

Tóm tắt

Abstract Background Today, breast cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers in women and new cases continue to increase worldwide. The incidence of this tumor is kept under control especially with surgery. In order to reduce mortality we need to detect this life threatening disease at an earlier stage. For two years, we have conducted a study for the identification and characterization of suspicious breast lesions using a new diagnostic technique applied to ultrasonography and mammography called “PhiΦBreast.” Methods Identification and characterization of category C4-C5 lesions of the breast with high Predictive Positive PPV value, with a new innovative method called “PhiΦBreast” using the Golden Ratio (Phi, or Φ 1.618...) Fibonacci sequence and a Predictive Algorithm, applied to the ultrasonography and mammography with subsequent deepening with cytological examination using fine needle aspiration (FNAC), according to evaluation criteria of the Breast Imaging Report Data System (BI-RADS) and the American College of Radiology (ACR). Usefulness of this research and the use of this new diagnostic tecnique is to detect the breast cancer in early stage. In addition to develop a classification model of the histological type identified in the section areas and the percentage of probability in relation between the golden spiral and Fibonacci sequence. This amazing intuition and research has given contribution to the new Theory of Spiral Cancer. Results With the use of Golden Ratio and Fibonacci sequence, applied to ultrasonography and mammography, we have experimented and developed a diagnostic map with characteristics of high probability of identifying suspicious lesions at an early stage. We examined 987 women, 55 lesions detected with PhiΦBreast pattern were classified according to BI-RADS descriptors for US-imaging, including morphologic features that had a high predictive value for the malignancy (p <0.001). This innovative diagnostic technique has shown a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 97%, a positive predictive value of 97%, and negative predictive value of 96%. The discriminating capacity of PhiΦBreast was significantly better than normal ultrasonography (P < 0,05). Furthermore with a predictive algorithm associated with malignant cytology after FNAC, we have classified different types of potentially life threatening cancers for patients. Conclusion PhiΦBreast could be an important new model diagnostic technique to be applied ultrasound and mammography for detection of malignant lesions of category C4-C5. In diagnostic imaging beyond the identification of a lesion and classification according to the BI-RADS category and the evaluation criteria of the ACR is fundamental to recognize predictively the characteristics of a potentially aggressive tumor. Everything mentioned above, reinforces the concept that the early diagnosis is essential because it allows to remove small tumors and therefore capable of producing more limited metastases than the potential of the most voluminous neoplasm. This way, we could plan an effective cure for the patient. This new model (PhiΦBreast) could represent the cornerstone as an important contribution for early diagnosis of breast cancer.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7–34.

Statistical Research and Applications Branch, National Cancer Institute. DevCan: probability of developing or dying of cancer. DevCan software,version 6.7.3. (2015). Statistical Research and Applications Branch, National Cancer Institute.

Tarro GF, Tarro G. Cancer should be only a zodiac sign. Naples, 2015.

Narod SA, Salmena L. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and breast cancer. Discov Med. 2011;12:445–53.

Ariffin H, et al. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of phenotypic heterogeneity and anticipation in Li-Fraumeni cancer predisposition syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111:15497–501.

Leroy B, et al. The TP53 website:an integrative resource centre for the TP53 mutation database and TP53 mutant analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D962–9.

Barrow E, Hill J, Evans DG. Cancer risk in Lynch Syndrome. Familial Cancer. 2013;12:229–40.

Chlebowski RT, Chen Z, Anderson GL, et al. Ethnicity and breast cancer: factors influencing differences in incidence and outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:439–48.

Fletcher AS, Erbas B, Kavanagh AM, Hart S, Rodger A, Gertig DM. Use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and survival following breast cancer diagnosis. Breast. 2005;14:192–200.

Tamargo RJ, Pindrik JA. Mammalian skull dimensions and golden ratio. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30:1750–5.

Yetkin G, Sivri N, Yalta K, et al. Golden ratio is beating in our heart. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:4926–7.

Livio M. The golden ratio: the story of Phi, the world’s most astonishing number. New York: Broadway Books, Random House Inc; 2002.

Vajda S. Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, and the Golden section: theory and applications. New York: Dover Publication; 2008.

Adler I, Barabé D, Jean RV. A history of the study of Phyllotaxis. Ann Bot. 1997;80:231–44.

Barlow PW. Gravity perception in plants: a multiplicity of systems derived by evolution? Plant Cell Environ. 1995;18:951–62.

Döme B, Paku S, Somlai B, Tímár J. Vascularization of cutaneous melanoma involves vessel co-option and has clinical significance. J Phatol. 2002;197(3):355–62.

Wiesner J. Der Lichtgenuss der Pflanzen. Photometrische und physiologische Untersuchungen mit besonderer Rücksichtnahme auf Lebensweise, geographische Verbreitung und Kultur der Pflanzen, Leipzig 1907. Digitalisiert, Aufruf 19.1.2014.

van Iterson G. Mathematische und Mikroskopisch-Anatomische Studien uX ber Blattstellungen nebst Betraschtungen uX ber den Schalenbau der Miliolinen. Jena: GustavFischer; 1907.

Niklas KJ. The role of phyllotactic pattern as a developmental constraint’ on the interception of light by leaf surfaces. Evolution. 1988;42:1–16.

von Wiesner J. Studien über den Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Richtung der Pflanzenorgane - Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, vol. 111; 1902. p. 733–802.

Takahashi K, Takahashi H, Furuichi T, et al. Gravity sensing in plant and animal cells. NPJ Microgravity. 2021;7(1):2.

Vorselen D, Roos WH, MacKintosh FC, et al. The role of cytoskeleton in sensing changes in gravity by nonspecialized cells. FASEB J. 2014;28(2):536–47.

Svitkina TM. Ultrastructure of the actin cytoskeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2018;54:1–8.

Totaro A, Panciera T, Piccolo S. YAP/TAZ upstream signals and downstream responses. Nat Cell Biol. 2018;20(8):888–99.

Panciera T, Azzolin L, Cordenonsi M, et al. Mechanobiology of YAP and TAZ in physiology and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2017;18(12):758–70.

Zanconato F, Cordenonsi M, Piccolo S. YAP/TAZ at the roots of cancer. Cancer Cell. 2016;29(6):783–803.

Morita MT. Directional gravity sensing in gravitropism. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2010;61:705–20.

Baish JW, Jain RK. Fractals and cancer. Cancer Res. 2000;60(14):3683–8.

Deisboeck TS, Guiot C, Delsanto PP, et al. Does cancer growth depend on surface extension? Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(6):1338–41.

Bijeljic B, Markicevic B, Navaz HK. Capillary climb dynamics in the limits of prevailing capillary and gravity force. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. 2011;83(5 Pt):056310.

Meissner K, Hanke W. Action potential properties are gravity dependent. Microgravity Sci Technol. 2005;17(2):38–43.

Stankovic’ B. Plant electrophysiology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer verlag; 2006.

Hanke W, Fernades de Lima VM, Wiedemann M, Meissner K. Microgravity dependence of excitable biological and physicochemical media. Protoplasma. 2006;229(2-4):235–42.

Moscarelli M, De Paulis R. The Phyllotaxis of the aortica valve. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2019;89:1139.

National Cancer Institute Fine-Needle Aspiration of Breast Workshop Subcommittees. The uniform approach to breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;16(4):295–311.

Howell LP. Equivocal diagnoses in breast aspiration biopsy cytology: sources of uncertainty and the role of, “atypical/indeterminate terminology”. Diagn Cytopathol. 1999;21:217–22.

Kanhoush R, Jorda M, Gomez-Fernandez C, et al. Atypical and “suspicious” diagnoses in breast aspiration cytology: is there a need for two categories? Cancer. 2004;102(3):164–7.

Kocjan G. Needle aspiration cytology of the breast: current perspective on the role in diagnosis and management. Acta Med Croatica. 2008;62(4):391–401.

Mainiero MB, Moy L, Baron P, et al. ACR appropiateness criteria breast cancer screening. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(11S):S383–90.

Berg WA, Campassi C, Langenberg P, et al. Breast imaging reporting and data system inter-and intraobserver variability in feature analysis and final assessment. Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(6):1769–77.

Yu YH, Wei W, Liu JL. Diagnostic value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy for breast mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:41.

Arul P, Suresh M. Application of National Cancer Institute recommended terminology in breast cytology. J Cancer Res Ther. 2017;13(1):91–6.

Zurrida S, et al. The Veronesi quadrantectomy: an established procedure for the conservative treatment of early breast cancer. Int J Surg Investig. 2001;2(6):423–31.

Crowe JP Jr, Kim JA, Yetman R, Banbury J, Patrick RJ, Baynes D. Nipple-sparing mastectomy: technique and results of 54 procedures. Arch Surg. 2004;139:148–50.

Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, et al. Skin-sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex and autologous reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure. Ann Surg. 2003;238:120–7.

Sedlmayer F, Reitsamer R, Wenz F, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) as boost in breast cancer. Radiat Oncol. 2017;12:23.

Kuczynski EA, Vermeulen PB, Pezzella F, et al. Vessel co-option in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019;16(8):469–93.

Purnell MC, Butawan MBA, Ramsey RD. Bio-field array: a dielectrophoretic electromagnetic toroidal excitation to restore and maintain the golden ratio in human erythrocytes. Phys Rep. 2018;6:e13722.

Henein MY, Zhao Y, Nicoll R, et al. The human heart: application of the golden ratio and angle. Int J Cardiol. 2011;150:239–42.

Liberman L, Morris EA, Lee MJ-Y, et al. Breast lesions detected on MR imaging: features and positive predictive value. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(1):171–8.

Wedegärtner U, Bick U, Wörtler K, Rummeny E, Bongartz G. Differentiation between benign and malignant findings on MR-mammography: usefulness of morphological criteria. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(9):1645–50.

Schnall MD, Blume J, Bluemke DA, et al. Diagnostic architectural and dynamic features at breast MR imaging: multicenter study. Radiology. 2006;238(1):42–53.

Gutierrez RL, DeMartini WB, Eby PR, Kurland BF, Peacock S, Lehman CD. BI-RADS lesion characteristics predict likelihood of malignancy in breast MRI for masses but not for nonmasslike enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(4):994–1000.

Tozaki M, Igarashi T, Fukuda K. Positive and negative predictive values of BI-RADS-MRI descriptors for focal breast masses. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2006;5(1):7–15.

Krüger M, Melnik D, Kopp S, et al. Fighting thyroid cancer with microgravity research. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:2553.

Chen J. Tumor cells in microgravity. Intechopen. 2018;10:572–77214.

Nassef MZ, Melnik D, Kopp S, et al. Breast cancer cells in microgravity: new aspects for cancer research. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):7345.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Translational Medicine Communications

Thông tin tác giả