Perceptions of facial dominance, trustworthiness and attractiveness predict managerial pay awards in experimental tasks

The Leadership Quarterly - Tập 26 Số 6 - Trang 1005-1016 - 2015
Laura S. Fruhen1, Christopher D. Watkins2, Benedict C. Jones3
1School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
2Division of Psychology, School of Social and Health Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
3Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ahearne, 1999, If looks could sell: Moderation and mediation of the attractiveness effect on salesperson performance, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 16, 269, 10.1016/S0167-8116(99)00014-2

Antonakis, 2009, Predicting elections: Child's play!, Science, 323, 1183, 10.1126/science.1167748

Argo, 2008, Positive consumer contagion: Responses to attractive others in a retail context, Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 690, 10.1509/jmkr.45.6.690

Ballew, 2007, Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17948, 10.1073/pnas.0705435104

Bass, 1990

Berscheid, 1974, Physical attractiveness, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 157, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60037-4

Blaker, 2013, The height leadership advantage in men and women: Testing evolutionary psychology predictions about the perceptions of tall leaders, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16, 17, 10.1177/1368430212437211

Blau, 2006, The US gender-pay-gap in the 1990s: Slowing convergence, Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 60, 45, 10.1177/001979390606000103

Blau, 2007, The gender-pay-gap: Have women gone as far as they can?, The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21, 7, 10.5465/AMP.2007.24286161

Braun, 2013, Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust, The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 270, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.006

Bruce, 1986, Understanding face recognition, British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb02199.x

Buchanan, 2000, Internet research: Self-monitoring and judgments of attractiveness, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 32, 521, 10.3758/BF03200824

Burke, 2007, Trust in leadership: A multi-level review and integration, The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 606, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.09.006

Carney, 2010, Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance, Psychological Science, 21, 1363, 10.1177/0956797610383437

Chiu, 2002, The relative importance of facial attractiveness and gender in Hong Kong selection decisions, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 141, 10.1080/09585190110092857

Choi, 2007, The coevolution of parochial altruism and war, Science, 318, 636, 10.1126/science.1144237

Chow, 1960, Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions, Econometrica, 28, 591, 10.2307/1910133

Colquitt, 2007, Trust, trustworthiness and trust propensity: A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 909, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.909

Creed, 1996

Currie, 2009, The relative importance of the face and body in judgments of human physical attractiveness, Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 409, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.06.005

Day, 2001, Leadership development: A review in context, The Leadership Quarterly, 11, 581, 10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00061-8

DeConinck, 2004, Incorporating organizational justice, role states, pay satisfaction and supervisor satisfaction in a model of turnover intentions, Journal of Business Research, 57, 225, 10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00289-8

DeShields, 1996, Source effects in purchase decisions: The impact of physical attractiveness and accent of salesperson, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13, 89, 10.1016/0167-8116(95)00036-4

Dinh, 2014, Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives, The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 36, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.005

Dion, 1972, What is beautiful is good, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285, 10.1037/h0033731

Drolet, 2002, Can the workplace explain Canadian gender pay differentials?, 28, S41

Eagly, 1991, What is beautiful is good, but…: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype, Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109, 10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109

Epitropaki, 2004, Implicit leadership theories in applied settings: Factor structure, generalizability, and stability over time, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 293, 10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.293

European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

Fiedler, 1964, A contingency-model of leadership effectiveness, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 149, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60051-9

Field, 2009

Finkelstein, 1992, Power in top management teams: Dimensions, measurement, and validation, The Academy of Management Journal, 35, 505, 10.2307/256485

Flinn, 2012, Hormonal mechanisms for regulation of aggression in human coalitions, Human Nature, 23, 68, 10.1007/s12110-012-9135-y

Frieze, 1991, Attractiveness and income for men and women in management, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1039, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00458.x

Furnham, 2001, Waist to hip ratio and facial attractiveness: A pilot study, Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 491, 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00040-4

Goldstein, 1984, Facial stereotypes of good guys and bad guys: A replication and extension, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22, 549, 10.3758/BF03333904

Gosling, 2004, Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires, American Psychologist, 59, 93, 10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93

Hamstra, 2014, ‘Big’ men: Male leaders' height positively relates to followers' perception of charisma, Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 190, 10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.014

Hassin, 2000, Facing faces: Studies on the cognitive aspects of physiognomy, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 837, 10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.837

Henderson, 2003, Facial attractiveness predicts longevity, Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 351, 10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00036-9

House, 1992, Personality and charismatic leadership, The Leadership Quarterly, 3, 81, 10.1016/1048-9843(92)90028-E

Hugenberg, 2003, Facing prejudice: Implicit prejudice and the perception of facial threat, Psychological Science, 14, 640, 10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1478.x

Johnson, 2013, The evolution of error: Error management, cognitive constraints and adaptive decision-making biases, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28, 474, 10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.014

Judge, 2004, The effect of physical height on workplace success and income: Preliminary test of a theoretical model, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 428, 10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.428

Judge, 2009, Does it pay to be smart, attractive, or confident (or all three)? Relationships among General Mental Ability, physical attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 742, 10.1037/a0015497

Jung, 2000, Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 949, 10.1002/1099-1379(200012)21:8<949::AID-JOB64>3.0.CO;2-F

Keltner, 2003, Power, approach, and inhibition, Psychological Review, 110, 265, 10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.265

Koenig, 2011, Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms, Psychological Bulletin, 137, 616, 10.1037/a0023557

Korsgaard, 1995, Building commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision-making teams: The role of procedural justice, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 60, 10.2307/256728

Kotter, 1990

Krueger, 2004, Towards a balanced social psychology: Causes, consequences, and cures for the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 313, 10.1017/S0140525X04000081

Krupp, 2011, Apparent health encourages reciprocity, Evolution and Human Behavior, 32, 198, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.001

Langlois, 2000, Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review, Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390

Lee, 2008, Using the Chow test to analyze regression discontinuities, Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 4, 46, 10.20982/tqmp.04.2.p046

Little, 2014, Facial appearance and leader choice in different contexts: Evidence for task contingent selection based on implicit and learned face-behaviour/face-ability associations, The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 865, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04.002

Little, 2007, Facial appearance affects voting decisions, Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 18, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.09.002

Little, 2012, Evolution, appearance and occupational success, Evolutionary Psychology, 10, 782, 10.1177/147470491201000503

Little, 2012, The perception of attractiveness and trustworthiness in male faces affects hypothetical voting decisions differently in wartime and peacetime scenarios, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65, 2018, 10.1080/17470218.2012.677048

Lord, 1986, A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 402, 10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.402

Lord, 1991, Alternative information-processing models and their implications for theory, research, and practice, The Academy of Management Review, 15, 9, 10.5465/amr.1990.4308219

MacDonald, 2012, Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: The male warrior hypothesis, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 367, 670, 10.1098/rstb.2011.0301

Macrae, 2000, Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others, Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93, 10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.93

Mandel, 2014, Gender-pay-gap and employment sector: Sources of earnings disparities in the United States, 1970–2010, Demography, 51, 1597, 10.1007/s13524-014-0320-y

Mandel, 2009, How welfare states shape the gender-pay-gap: A theoretical and comparative analysis, Social Forces, 87, 1873, 10.1353/sof.0.0187

Marlowe, 1996, Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: Are more experienced managers less biased?, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 11, 10.1037/0021-9010.81.1.11

Mason, 2006, On construing others: Category and stereotype activation from facial cues, Social Cognition, 24, 540, 10.1521/soco.2006.24.5.540

Meier, 2010, Are sociable people more beautiful? A zero-acquaintance analysis of agreeableness, extraversion, and attractiveness, Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 293, 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.02.002

Miller, 1998, Mate choice turns cognitive, Trends in Cognitive Science, 2, 190, 10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01169-3

Mintzberg, 1975, The manager's role: Folklore and facts, Harvard Business Review, 53, 49

Mitchell, 2012, Revisiting truth or triviality: The external validity of research in the psychological laboratory, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 109, 10.1177/1745691611432343

Mook, 1983, In defense of external invalidity, American Psychologist, 38, 379, 10.1037/0003-066X.38.4.379

Mueller, 1996, Facial dominance in Homo sapiens as honest signaling of male quality, Behavioral Ecology, 8, 569, 10.1093/beheco/8.5.569

Offermann, 1994, Implicit leadership theories: Content, structure, and generalizability, The Leadership Quarterly, 5, 43, 10.1016/1048-9843(94)90005-1

Oosterhof, 2008, The functional basis of face evaluation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 11087, 10.1073/pnas.0805664105

Penton-Voak, 2006, Personality judgments from natural and composite facial images: More evidence for a “kernel of truth” in social perception, Social Cognition, 24, 607, 10.1521/soco.2006.24.5.607

Perrett, 1998, Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness, Nature, 394, 884, 10.1038/29772

Petersen, 2013, The ancestral logic of politics: Upper-body strength regulates men's assertion of self-interest over economic redistribution, Psychological Science, 24, 1098, 10.1177/0956797612466415

Rantala, 2012, Evidence for the stress-linked immunocompetence handicap hypothesis in humans, Nature Communications, 3, 694, 10.1038/ncomms1696

Re, 2012, Apparent height and body mass index influence perceived leadership ability in three-dimensional faces, Perception, 41, 1477, 10.1068/p7342

Re, 2013, Looking like a leader: Facial shape predicts perceived height and leadership ability, PLoS One, 8, e80957, 10.1371/journal.pone.0080957

Re, 2014, The effects of facial adiposity on attractiveness and perceived leadership ability, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 676, 10.1080/17470218.2013.825635

Rezlescu, 2012, Unfakeable facial configurations affect strategic choices in trust games with or without information about past behavior, PLoS One, 7, e34293, 10.1371/journal.pone.0034293

Rhodes, 2006, The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty, Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 199, 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208

Rubery, 2005, How to close the gender-pay-gap in Europe: Towards the gender mainstreaming of pay policy, Industrial Relations Journal, 36, 184, 10.1111/j.1468-2338.2005.00353.x

Rule, 2008, The face of success: Inferences from chief executive officers' appearance predict company profits, Psychological Science, 19, 109, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02054.x

Rule, 2014, The influence of economic context on the relationship between chief executive officer facial appearance and company profits, The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 846, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.001

Schaubroeck, 2011, Cognition-based and affect-based trust as mediators of leader behavior influences on team performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 863, 10.1037/a0022625

Schmidt, 1998, The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85years of research findings, Psychological Bulletin, 124, 262, 10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262

Scott-Phillips, 2011, Evolutionary theory and the ultimate–proximate distinction in the human behavioral sciences, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 38, 10.1177/1745691610393528

Sell, 2009, Formidability and the logic of human anger, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 15073, 10.1073/pnas.0904312106

Senior, 1999, Attribution of social dominance and maleness to schematic faces, Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 331, 10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.331

Senior, 1999, An investigation into the perception of dominance from schematic faces: A study using the World‐Wide Web, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 341, 10.3758/BF03207730

Spisak, 2012, Warriors and peacekeepers: Testing a biosocial implicit leadership hypothesis of intergroup relations using masculine and feminine faces, PloS One, 7, e30399, 10.1371/journal.pone.0030399

Spisak, 2012, Facing the situation: Testing a biosocial contingency model of leadership in intergroup relations using masculine and feminine faces, The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 273, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.006

Stangor, 1996, Stereotypes as individual and collective representations, 3

Stewart, 2008, Exploring the handshake in employment interviews, Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1139, 10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1139

Stirrat, 2010, Valid facial cues to cooperation and trust: Male facial width and trustworthiness, Psychological Science, 21, 349, 10.1177/0956797610362647

Stirrat, 2012, Face structure predicts cooperation: Men with wider faces are more generous to their in-group when out-group competition is salient, Psychological Science, 23, 718, 10.1177/0956797611435133

Surawski, 2006, The effects of physical and vocal attractiveness on impression formation of politicians, Current Psychology, 25, 15, 10.1007/s12144-006-1013-5

Tengblad, 2006, Is there a new managerial work? A comparison with Henry Mintzberg's classic study 30years later, Journal of Management Studies, 43, 1437, 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00651.x

Tigue, 2012, Voice pitch influences voting behavior, Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 210, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.09.004

Todorov, 2005, Inferences of competence from faces predicts election outcomes, Science, 308, 1623, 10.1126/science.1110589

Todorov, 2015, Social attributions from faces: Determinants, consequences, accuracy, and functional significance, Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 519, 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143831

Todorov, 2008, Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 455, 10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.001

Van Vugt, 2007, Gender differences in cooperation and competition: The male-warrior hypothesis, Psychological Science, 18, 19, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01842.x

Watkins, 2012, Social support influences preferences for feminine facial cues in potential social partners, Experimental Psychology, 59, 340, 10.1027/1618-3169/a000162

Watkins, 2010, Individual differences in dominance perception: Dominant men are less sensitive to facial cues of male dominance, Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 967, 10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.006

Wheeler, 2001, The effects of stereotype activation on behaviour: A review of possible mechanisms, Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797, 10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.797

Wilson, 2004, Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future?, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271, S177, 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0134

Wong, 2011, A face only an investor could love: CEOs' facial structure predicts their firms' financial performance, Psychological Science, 22, 1478, 10.1177/0956797611418838

Yukl, 2006