Bệnh sinh học của Đái tháo đường loại 2

International Journal of Molecular Sciences - Tập 21 Số 17 - Trang 6275
Unai Galicia-García1,2, Asier Benito‐Vicente1,3, Shifa Jebari1,3, Asier Larrea‐Sebal1,2, Haziq Siddiqi4, Kepa B. Uribe5, Helena Ostolaza1,3, César Martı́n1,3
1Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain;
2Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain;
3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
4Havard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
5Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain

Tóm tắt

Đái tháo đường loại 2 (T2DM), một trong những rối loạn chuyển hóa phổ biến nhất, được gây ra bởi sự kết hợp của hai yếu tố chính: sự tiết insulin bị lỗi bởi các tế bào β tụy và khả năng đáp ứng không đầy đủ của các mô nhạy cảm với insulin. Vì sự phóng thích và hoạt động của insulin là các quá trình thiết yếu cho sự cân bằng glucose, các cơ chế phân tử liên quan đến việc tổng hợp và phóng thích insulin, cũng như trong việc phát hiện insulin được điều chỉnh một cách chặt chẽ. Sự thiếu hụt trong bất kỳ cơ chế nào liên quan đến các quá trình này có thể dẫn đến sự mất cân bằng chuyển hóa chịu trách nhiệm cho sự phát triển của bệnh. Bài tổng quan này phân tích các khía cạnh chính của T2DM, cũng như các cơ chế và con đường phân tử liên quan đến chuyển hóa insulin dẫn đến T2DM và kháng insulin. Để thực hiện điều đó, chúng tôi tóm tắt các dữ liệu thu thập được cho đến nay, tập trung đặc biệt vào sự tổng hợp insulin, phóng thích insulin, nhận diện insulin và các tác động sau đó đến các cơ quan nhạy cảm với insulin riêng lẻ. Bài tổng quan cũng đề cập đến các tình trạng bệnh lý kéo dài T2DM như các yếu tố dinh dưỡng, hoạt động thể chất, rối loạn vi sinh vật đường ruột và trí nhớ chuyển hóa. Thêm vào đó, vì T2DM liên quan đến sự phát triển xơ vữa động mạch gia tốc, chúng tôi xem xét một số cơ chế phân tử liên kết T2DM và kháng insulin (IR) cũng như nguy cơ tim mạch như một trong những biến chứng quan trọng nhất trong T2DM.

Từ khóa


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