Panaxydol gây ra sự chết tế bào qua việc tăng nồng độ canxi nội bào, kích hoạt JNK và p38 MAPK cùng với sự tạo ra gốc tự do oxy phụ thuộc vào NADPH oxidase

Moon J, Yu SJ, Kim HS, Sohn J (2000) Induction of G(1) cell cycle arrest and p27(KIP1) increase by panaxydol isolated from Panax ginseng. Biochem Pharmacol 59:1109–1116 Hai J, Lin Q, Lu Y, Zhang H, Yi J (2007) Induction of apoptosis in rat C6 glioma cells by panaxydol. Cell Biol Int 31:711–715 Ryter SW, Kim HP, Hoetzel A et al (2007) Mechanisms of cell death in oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 9:49–89 Buttke TM, Sandstrom PA (1994) Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. Immunol Today 15:7–10 Jacobson MD (1996) Reactive oxygen species and programmed cell death. Trends Biochem Sci 21:83–86 Miyajima A, Nakashima J, Yoshioka K (1997) Role of reactive oxygen species in cis-dichlorodiammineplatium-induced cytotoxicity on bladder cancer cells. Br J Cancer 76:206–210 Zhou Y, Hileman EO, Plunkett W, Keating MJ, Huang P (2003) Free radical stress in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and its role in cellular sensitivity to ROS-generating anticancer agents. Blood 101:4098–4104 Pelicano H, Feng L, Zhou Y et al (2003) Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration: a novel strategy to enhance drug-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells by a reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanism. J Biol Chem 278:37832–37839 Schulze-Osthoff K, Bakker AC, Vanhaesebroeck B, Beyaert R, Jacob WA, Fiers W (1992) Cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor is mediated by early damage of mitochondrial functions. Evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial radical generation. J Biol Chem 267:5317–5323 Quillet-Mary A, Jaffrezou JP, Mansat V, Bordier C, Naval J, Laurent G (1997) Implication of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation in ceramide-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272:21388–21395 Fleury C, Mignotte B, Vayssiere JL (2002) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cell death signaling. Biochimie 84:131–141 Ott M, Gogvadze V, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B (2007) Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death. Apoptosis 12:913–922 Hiraoka W, Vazquez N, Nieves-Neira W, Chanock SJ, Pommier Y (1998) Role of oxygen radicals generated by NADPH oxidase in apoptosis induced in human leukemia cells. J Clin Invest 102:1961–1968 Qin F, Patel R, Yan C, Liu W (2006) NADPH oxidase is involved in angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cardiac muscle cells: effects of apocynin. Free Radic Biol Med 40:236–246 Brennan AM, Suh SW, Won SJ et al (2009) NADPH oxidase is the primary source of superoxide induced by NMDA receptor activation. Nat Neurosci 12:857–863 Nicotera P, Orrenius S (1998) The role of calcium in apoptosis. Cell Calcium 23:173–180 Granfeldt D, Samuelsson M, Karlsson A (2002) Capacitative Ca2+ influx and activation of the neutrophil respiratory burst. Different regulation of plasma membrane- and granule-localized NADPH-oxidase. J Leukoc Biol 71:611–617 Wang G, Anrather J, Glass MJ et al (2006) Nox2, Ca2+, and protein kinase C play a role in angiotensin II-induced free radical production in nucleus tractus solitaries. Hypertension 48:482–489 Klein-Szanto AJ, Iizasa T, Momiki S et al (1992) A tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine or cigarette smoke condensate causes neoplastic transformation of xenotransplanted human bronchial epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:6693–6697 Kim JE, Koo KH, Kim YH, Sohn J, Park YG (2008) Identification of potential lung cancer biomarkers using an in vitro carcinogenesis model. Exp Mol Med 40:709–720 Kelso GF, Porteous CM, Coulter CV et al (2001) Selective targeting of a redox-active ubiquinone to mitochondria within cells: antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. J Biol Chem 276:4588–4596 Lee JY, Yu SJ, Park YG, Kim J, Sohn J (2007) Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta phosphorylates p21WAF1/CIP1 for proteasomal degradation after UV irradiation. Mol Cell Biol 27:3187–3198 Matsuzawa A, Ichijo H (2008) Redox control of cell fate by MAP kinase: physiological roles of ASK1-MAP kinase pathway in stress signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta 1780:1325–1336 Kuppusamy P, Li H, Ilangovan G et al (2002) Noninvasive imaging of tumor redox status and its modification by tissue glutathione levels. Cancer Res 62:307–312 Jacobson MD, Raff MC (1995) Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen. Nature 374:814–816 Scorrano L, Oakes SA, Opferman JT et al (2003) BAX and BAK regulation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+: a control point for apoptosis. Science 300:135–139 Yu JH, Lim JW, Kim KH, Morio T, Kim H (2005) NADPH oxidase and apoptosis in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar AR42J cells. Free Radic Biol Med 39:590–602 Gandhi S, Wood-Kaczmar A, Yao Z et al (2009) PINK1-associated Parkinson’s disease is caused by neuronal vulnerability to calcium-induced cell death. Mol Cell 33:627–638 Benhar M, Dalyot I, Engelberg D, Levitzki A (2001) Enhanced ROS production in oncogenically transformed cells potentiates c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and sensitization to genotoxic stress. Mol Cell Biol 21:6913–6926 Saeki K, Kobayashi N, Inazawa Y et al (2002) Oxidation-triggered c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways for apoptosis in human leukaemic cells stimulated by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): a distinct pathway from those of chemically induced and receptor-mediated apoptosis. Biochem J 368:705–720 Noguchi T, Ishii K, Fukutomi H et al (2008) Requirement of reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway for extracellular ATP-induced apoptosis in macrophage. J Biol Chem 283:7657–7665 Yamamori T, Inanami O, Sumimoto H et al (2002) Relationship between p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and small GTPase Rac for the activation of NADPH oxidase in bovine neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293:1571–1578 Brown GE, Stewart MQ, Bissonnette SA, Elia AE, Wilker E, Yaffe MB (2004) Distinct ligand-dependent roles for p38 MAPK in priming and activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase. J Biol Chem 279:27059–27068