PET/MRI: Technical Challenges and Recent Advances

Jin Ho Jung1, Yong Choi1, Ki Chun Im1
1Molecular Imaging Research & Education Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Korea

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Guralnik L, Gaitini D, Frenkel A, Kuten A, et al. Clinical performance of PET/CT in evaluation of cancer: additional value for diagnostic imaging and patient management. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1200–9.

Antoch G, Saoudi N, Kuehl H, Dahmen G, Mueller SP, Beyer T, et al. Accuracy of whole-body dual-modality fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for tumor staging in solid tumors: comparison with CT and PET. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4357–68.

Scarfone C, Lavely WC, Cmelak AJ, Delbeke D, Martin WH, Billheimer D, et al. Prospective feasibility trial of radiotherapy target definition for head and neck cancer using 3-dimensional PET and CT imaging. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:543–52.

Zaidi H, Mawlawi O. Simultaneous PET/MR will replace PET/CT as the molecular multimodality imaging platform of choice. Med Phys. 2007;34:1525–8.

Heesakkers RA, Hövels AM, Jager GJ, van den Bosch HC, Witjes JA, Raat HP, et al. MRI with a lymph-node-specific contrast agent as an alternative to CT scan and lymph-node dissection in patients with prostate cancer: a prospective multicohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:850–6.

Brix G, Lechel U, Glatting G, Ziegler SI, Münzing W, Müller SP. Radiation exposure of patients undergoing whole-body dual-modality 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:608–13.

Shan ZY, Mateja SJ, Reddick WE, Glass JO, Shulkin BL. Retrospective evaluation of PET-MRI registration algorithms. J Digit Imaging. 2011;24:485–93.

Chun SY, Reese TG, Ouyang J, Guerin B, Catana C, Zhu X, et al. MRI-based nonrigid motion correction in simultaneous PET/MRI. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1284–91.

Brendle CB, Schmidt H, Fleischer S, Braeuning UH, Pfannenberg CA, Schwenzer NF. Simultaneously acquired MR/PET images compared with sequential MR/PET and PET/CT: alignment quality. Radiology. 2013;268:190–9.

Vandenberghe S, Marsden PK. PET-MRI: a review of challenges and solutions in the development of integrated multimodality imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2015;60:R115–54.

Yamamoto S, Kuroda K, Senda M. Scintillator selection for MR-compatible gamma detectors. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2003;50:1683–5.

Pichler B, Wehrl HF, Kolb A, Judenhofer MS. PET/MRI: the next generation of multi-modality imaging? Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38:199–208.

Slates RB, Farahani K, Shao Y, Taylor J, Summers PE, Williams S, et al. A study of artifacts in simultaneous PET and MR imaging using a prototype MR compatible PET scanner. Phys Med Biol. 1999;44:2015–27.

Raylman RR, Majewski S, Lemieux S, Velana SS, Krossb B, Popovb V, et al. Initial tests of a prototype MRI-compatible PET imager. Nucl Inst Meth A. 2006;569:306–9.

Mackewn JE, Halsted P, Charles-Edwards G, Page R, Totman JJ, Sunassee K, et al. Performance evaluation of an MRI-compatible pre-clinical PET system using long optical fibers. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2010;57:1052–62.

Wu Y, Catana C, Farrell R, Dokhale PA, Shah KS, Qi J, et al. PET performance evaluation of an MR-compatible PET insert. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2009;56:574–80.

Maramraju SH, Smith SD, Junnarkar SS, Schulz D, Stoll S, Ravindranath B, et al. Small animal simultaneous PET/MRI: initial experiences in a 9.4 T microMRI. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:2459–80.

Schaart DR, Seifert S, Vinke R, Dam HT, Dendooven P, Löhner H, et al. LaBr(3):Ce and SiPMs for time-of-flight PET: achieving 100 ps coincidence resolving time. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:N179–89.

Pichler BJ, Judenhofer MS, Catana C, Walton JH, Kneilling M, Nutt RE, et al. Performance test of an LSO-APD detector in a 7-T MRI scanner for simultaneous PET/MRI. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:639–47.

Peng BJ, Walton JH, Cherry SR, Willig-Onwuachi J. Studies of the interactions of an MRI system with the shielding in a combined PET/MRI scanner. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:265–80.

Maramraju SH, Smith SD, Rescia S, Stoll S, Budassi M, Vaska P, et al. Electromagnetic interactions in a shielded PET/MRI system for simultaneous PET/MR imaging in 9.4 T: evaluation and results. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2012;59:1892–9.

Chung DDL. Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of carbon materials. Carbon N Y. 2001;39:279–85.

Duppenbecker PM, Wehner J, Renz W, Lodomez S, Truhn D, Marsden PK, et al. Gradient transparent RF housing for simultaneous PET/MRI using carbon fiber composites. IEEE Nuclear Science Symp. and Medical Imaging Conf. 2012;M18-2.

Wehner J, Weissler B, Dueppenbecker P, Gebhardt P, Schug D, Ruetten W, et al. PET/MRI insert using digital SiPMs: investigation of MR-compatibility. Nucl Instr and Meth A. 2014;734:116–21.

Peng BJ, Wu Y, Cherry SR, Walton JH. New shielding configurations for a simultaneous PET/MRI scanner at 7T. J Magn Reson. 2014;239:50–6.

Zaidi H, Ojha N, Morich M, Griesmer J, Hu Z, Maniawski P, et al. Design and performance evaluation of a whole-body Ingenuity TF PET-MRI system. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:3091–106.

Kuhn FP, Hüllner M, Mader CE, Kastrinidis N, Huber GF, von Schulthess GK, et al. Contrast-enhanced PET/MR imaging versus contrast-enhanced PET/CT in head and neck cancer: how much MR information is needed? J Nucl Med. 2014;55:551–8.

Hu Z, Yang W, Liu H, Wang K, Bao C, Song T, et al. From PET/CT to PET/MRI: advances in instrumentation and clinical applications. Mol Pharm. 2014;11:3798–809.

Delso G, Fürst S, Jakoby B, Ladebeck R, Ganter C, Nekolla SG, et al. Performance measurements of the Siemens mMR integrated whole-body PET/MR scanner. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1914–22.

Levin C, Glover G, Deller T, McDaniel D, Peterson W, Maramraju SH. Prototype time-of-flight PET ring integrated with a 3T MRI system for simultaneous whole-body PET/MR imaging. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:148.

Iagaru A, Minamimoto R, Levin C, Barkhodari A, Jamali M, Holley D, et al. The potential of TOF PET-MRI for reducing artifacts in PET images. EJNMMI Physics. 2015;2:A77.

Wehner J, Weissler B, Dueppenbecker PM, Gebhardt P, Schug D, Ruetten W, et al. PET/MRI insert using digital SiPMs: investigation of MR-compatibility. Nucl Instr and Meth A. 2014;734:116–21.

Wehner J, Weissler B, Dueppenbecker PM, Gebhardt P, Goldschmidt B, Schug D, et al. MR-compatibility assessment of the first preclinical PET-MRI insert equipped with digital silicon photomultipliers. Phys Med Biol. 2015;60:2231–55.

Kang J, Choi Y, Hong KJ, Jung JH, Hu W, Huh YS, et al. A feasibility study of photosensor charge signal transmission to preamplifier using long cable for development of hybrid PET-MRI. Med Phys. 2010;37:5655–64.

Hong KJ, Choi Y, Jung JH, Kang J, Hu W, Lim HK, et al. A prototype MR insertable brain PET using tileable GAPD arrays. Med Phys. 2013;40:042503.

Jung JH, Choi Y, Jung J, Kim S, Lim HK, Im KC, et al. Development of PET/MRI with insertable PET for simultaneous PET and MR imaging of human brain. Med Phys. 2015;42:2354–63.

Bieniosek MF, Olcott PD, Levin CS. Readout strategy of an electro-optical coupled PET detector for time-of-flight PET/MRI. Phys Med Biol. 2013;58:7227–38.

Olcott PD, Glover G, Levin CS. Cross-strip multiplexed electro-optical coupled scintillation detector for integrated PET/MRI. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2013;6:3198–204.

Lee BJ, Grant AM, Chang C-M, Glover GH, Levin CS. RF-transmissive PET detector insert for simultaneous PET/MRI. IEEE Nuclear Science Symp. and Medical Imaging Conf. 2014;M08-1.

Lee BJ, Grant AM, Chang C-M, Watkins R, Levin CS. MR performance evaluation of an RF-penetrable PET insert with integrated RF receive coil for simultaneous PET/MRI. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1854.

Martinez-Moller A, Souvatzoglou M, Delso G, Bundschuh RA, Chefdhotel C, Ziegler SI, et al. Tissue classification as a potential approach for attenuation correction in whole-body PET/MRI: Evaluation with PET/CT data. J Nucl Med. 2003;50:520–6.

Schulz V, Torres-Espallardo I, Renisch S, Hu Z, Ojha N, Bornert P, et al. Automatic, three-segment, MR-based attenuation correction for whole-body PET/MR data. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:138–52.

Grodzki DM, Jakob PM, Heismann B. Ultrashort echo time imaging using pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (PETRA). Magn Reson Med. 2012;67:510–8.

Montandon ML, Zaidi H. Atlas-guided non-uniform attenuation correction in cerebral 3D PET imaging. Neuroimage. 2005;25:278–86.

Hofmann M, Steinke F, Scheel V, Charpiat G, Farquhar J, Aschoff P, et al. MRI-based attenuation correction for PET/MRI: a novel approach combining pattern recognition and atlas registration. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1875–83.

Hofmann M, Bezrukov I, Mantlik F, Aschoff P, Steinke F, Beyer T, et al. MRI-based attenuation correction for whole-body PET/MRI: quantitative evaluation of segmentation and atlas-based methods. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1392–9.

Nuyts J, Dupont P, Stroobants S, Benninck R, Mortelmans L, Suetens P. Simultaneous maximum a posteriori reconstruction of attenuation and activity distributions from emission sonograms. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1999;18:393–403.

Wagenknecht G, Kaiser HJ, Mottaghy FM, Herzog H. MRI for attenuation correction in PET: methods and challenges. Magn Reason Mater Phy. 2013;26:99–113.

Defrise M, Rezaei A, Nuyts J. Time-of-flight PET data determine the attenuation sinogram up to a constant. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57:885–99.

Mehranian A, Zaidi H. Clinical assessment of emission- and segmentation-based MR-guided attenuation correction in whole-body time-of-flight PET/MR imaging. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:877–83.

Paulus D, Braun H, Aklan B, Quick HH. Simultaneous PET/MR imaging: MR-based attenuation correction of local radiofrequency surface coils. Med Phys. 2012;39:4306–15.

Delso G, Martinez-Moller A, Bundschuh RA, Nekolla SG, Ziegler SI. The effect of limited MR field of view in MR/PET attenuation correction. Med Phys. 2010;37:2804–12.

Nuyts J, Bal G, Kehren F, Fenchel M, Michel C, Watson C. Completion of a truncated attenuation image from the attenuated PET emission data. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2013;32:237–46.

Ouyang J, Li Q, Fakhri GE. Magnetic resonance-based motion correction for positron emission tomography imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 2013;43:60–7.

Rahmim A, Rousset O, Zaidi H. Trategies for motion tracking and correction in PET. PET Clin. 2007;2:251–66.

Grimm R, Furst S, Souvatzoglou M, Forman C, Hutter JM, Dregely I, et al. Self-gated MRI motion modeling for respiratory motion compensation in integrated PET/MRI. Med Image Anal. 2015;19:110–20.

Dikaios N, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Graves MJ, Mani V, Fayad ZA, Fryer TD. MRI-based motion correction of thoracic PET: initial comparison of acquisition protocols and correction strategies suitable for simultaneous PET/MRI systems. Eur Radiol. 2012;22:439–46.

Bai B, Li Q, Leahy RM. Magnetic resonance-guided positron emission tomography image reconstruction. Semin Nucl Med. 2013;43:30–44.

Muller-Gartner HW, Links JM, Prince JL, Bryan RN, McVeigh E, Leal JP, et al. Measurement of radiotracer concentration in brain gray matter using positron emission tomography: MRI-based correction for partial volume effects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1992;12:571–83.

Rousset OG, Ma Y, Evans AC. Correction for partial volume effects in PET: principle and validation. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:904–11.

Wurslin C, Schmidt H, Martirosian P, Brendle C, Boss A, Schwenzer NF, et al. Respiratory motion correction in oncologic PET using T1-weighted MR imaging on a simultaneous whole-body PET/MR system. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:464–71.